PPAR

Triphenyl phosphate-d₁₅ is the deuterium labeled Triphenyl phosphate. Triphenyl phosphate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable aryl organophosphate flame retardant and endocrine disruptor. Triphenyl phosphate disrupts mitochondrial dynamic balance through oxidative stress, induces excessive mitophagy and apoptosis, and ultimately leads to myocardial fibrosis. In the brain, Triphenyl phosphate activates the NF-κB inflammatory pathway by disrupting the gut microbiota, alters tryptophan metabolism and elevates neurotoxins, thereby inducing anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In the skeletal and reproductive systems, Triphenyl phosphate inhibits osteoblast differentiation and induces germ cell apoptosis by suppressing the MAPK/ERK pathway and activating the JNK signal, respectively. In adipose and placental tissues, Triphenyl phosphate promotes lipid accumulation by activating the PI3K/AKT-PPARγ axis, and disrupts placental metabolism via the MAOA/ROS/NF-κB cascade, impairing neurodevelopment of offspring.

9-HEPE, a oxidation product of Eicosapentaenoic acid, is a racemic mixture of 9(R)-HEPE and 9(S)-HEPE. 9-HEPE induces fatty acid oxidation, adipogenesis, and glucose uptake via activation of PPARs in vivo.

20-Carboxyarachidonic acid, a relatively stable metabolite of 20-HETE, is an endogenous dual activator of PPARalpha and PPARgamma.

Palmitelaidic acid-d₁₃ is the deuterium labeled Palmitelaidic Acid. Palmitelaidic Acid (9-trans-Hexadecenoic acid) is the trans isomer of palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissue.

SP4e is an activator of PPAR-γ, with the EC₅₀ of 739 nM in HK-2 cells. SP4e reduces the blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation, and increases glutathione levels and catalase activityin the Swiss albino mice.

Fucoxanthin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fucoxanthin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a marine carotenoid and shows anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.

Anti-NASH agent 1 (compound 3d)，a derivative of Elafibranor (HY-16737)，is a potent agonist of PPAR-α/δ，targeting to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Anti-NASH agent 1 (3-10 mg/kg; 4 weeks) improves hyperlipidemia，liver fat degeneration and liver inflammation in Methionine-choline deficiency (MCD) induced NASH mice model. Anti-NASH agent 1 shows low liver toxicity and potent liver protection effect.

Pioglitazone-d₄ is a deuterium labeled Pioglitazone. Pioglitazone (U 72107) is a potent and selective PPARγ agonist with high affinity binding to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain with EC₅₀ of 0.93 and 0.99 μM for human and mouse PPARγ, respectively.

Amorfrutin B is a highly potent natural peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist with oral activity with K_i values of 19 nM and EC₅₀ values of 73 nM, respectively. Amorfrutin B has hypoglycemic and neuroprotective activities.

(E)-CLX-0921 is the E-isomer of CLX-0921 (HY-19394). CLX-0921 is an orally active PPARγ agonist with an IC₅₀ of 1.54 μM. CLX-0921 has a potent antihyperglycemic activity, and can be used for the study of type 2 diabetes.

15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin D2 (15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGD2), a metabolite of PGD2 (HY-101988), is an agonist of prostaglandin receptor 2 (DP2). 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin D2 binds to DP2 (Ki=50 nM) and induces eosinophil activation (EC₅₀=8 nM). 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin D2 also stimulates the recruitment of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), inducing PPARγ-mediated transcription. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin D2 (15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGD2) is cytotoxic to L1210 murine leukemia cells (IC₅₀=0.3 μg/ml) and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation (IC₅₀=320 ng/mL).

4β-Hydroxywithanolide E, isolated from Physalis peruviana L., inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion. 4β-Hydroxywithanolide E is an adipogenesis inhibitor and inhibits PPARγ, C/EBPα, and the adipocyte-specific molecule aP2 mRNA expression.

Eupatilin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eupatilin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eupatilin, a lipophilic flavonoid isolated from Artemisia argyi Lévl. et Van., is a PPARα agonist, and possesses anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.