Organoids
- Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022:2:94. doi: 10.1038/s43586-022-00174-y.
- 1. Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- 2. State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- 3. Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
- 4. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
- 5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 6. Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 7. Translational Tumor Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- 8. The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- 9. Department of Physiology, Institute for Digital Medicine (WisDM), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.
- 10. Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 11. Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 12. California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA.
- 13. School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- 14. Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, A*STAR, Singapore.
- 15. CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore.
Organoids have attracted increasing attention because they are simple tissue-engineered cell-based in vitro models that recapitulate many aspects of the complex structure and function of the corresponding in vivo tissue. They can be dissected and interrogated for fundamental mechanistic studies on development, regeneration, and repair in human tissues. Organoids can also be used in diagnostics, disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. Organoids are derived from either pluripotent or tissue-resident stem (embryonic or adult) or progenitor or differentiated cells from healthy or diseased tissues, such as Tumors. To date, numerous Organoid engineering strategies that support Organoid culture and growth, proliferation, differentiation and maturation have been reported. This Primer serves to highlight the rationale underlying the selection and development of these Materials and methods to control the cellular/tissue niche; and therefore, structure and function of the engineered Organoid. We also discuss key considerations for generating robust organoids, such as those related to Cell Isolation and seeding, matrix and soluble factor selection, physical cues and integration. The general standards for data quality, reproducibility and deposition within the Organoid community is also outlined. Lastly, we conclude by elaborating on the limitations of organoids in different applications, and key priorities in Organoid engineering for the coming years.