Protected Sugars

Etoposide (VP-16; VP-16-213) is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II, thus stopping DNA replication. Etoposide induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy.

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin) is a cyclic heptasaccharide used to deliver hydrophobic agents based on its property of solubilizing non-polar substances. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin is also extensively used as a cholesterol-depleting reagent. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin strongly reduces clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin blocks cell migrasome formation.

IPTG is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator.

Benzyl-α-GalNAc is a potent O-glycosylation inhibitor. Benzyl-α-GalNAc effectively inhibits the proliferation and activation of LX-2 cells and suppresses the expression of collagen I/III, which has good potential for investigation in liver fibrosis. Benzyl-α-GalNAc also significantly enhances the anti-tumour activity of 5-Fluorouracil (HY-90006) (e.g. pancreatic cancer) by inhibiting O-glycosylation.

n-Octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside is a non-ionic detergent, it can be widely used in the research of biotechnical, biochemical applications, solubilization and crystallization of membrane proteins. n-Octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside can completely inhibit cavitation-induced cell lysis in vitro.

4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide, an artificial substrate of N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase (NAGase), can be used in rapid and accurate rate assay for N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminidase. 4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide is highly soluble and stable. 4-Nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide can be used for the study of renal tubular injury.

X-GAL (BCIG) is a widely used chromogenic β-galactosidase substrate. X-GAL is a colorless compound until cleaved by β-galactosidase, at which point X-GAL turns to an insoluble and detectable blue compound, making X-GAL particularly useful in techniques such as blue-white screening for cloning in bacteria. X-GAL can also be used for detection of β-galactosidase activity.

Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin inhibits ethanol-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Gastrodin inhibits H₂O₂-induced ferroptosis through its antioxidative effect. Gastrodin can be used for study of dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia.

Sucrose (D-(+)-Saccharose) is a disaccharide which is composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Sucrose can be applied in some animal models, including metabolic disease, obesity, diet on preference, and diabetes, et al.

Arbutin (β-Arbutin) is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, with K_i^app values of 1.42 mM for monophenolase; 0.9 mM for diphenolase. Arbutin is also used as depigmenting agents. Arbutin is a natural polyphenol isolated from the bearberry plant Arctostaphylos uvaursi, possesses with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties.

Sucralose (E955; Trichlorosucrose) is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener and sugar substitute. Sucralose can activate a conserved neural fasting response and thereby exerts an appetite-stimulating effect in rodents.

5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside (Bluo-Gal) is a chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside is hydrolyzed by the enzyme to generate a 5-bromoindole intermediate, which is further oxidized to form an insoluble blue precipitate. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can specifically recognize bacterial β-galactosidases (such as the product of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene) and reacts at pH 7.4, making it suitable for light and electron microscopic observations. 5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside can be used in histochemical detection of reporter gene expression in transgenic organisms, such as the localization analysis of β-galactosidase activity in mouse embryos or muscle tissues.

Topiramate (McN 4853) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic agent. Topiramate is a GluR5 receptor antagonist. Topiramate produces its antiepileptic effects through enhancement of GABAergic activity, inhibition of kainate/AMPA receptors, inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, increases in potassium conductance, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for β-glucosidase. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside is converted to a colored product, p-nitrophenol that is easily detected spectrophotometrically at 405 nm when used in a β-glycosidase assay. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside is hydrolysed through intramolecular nucleophilic catalysis by the phosphate group in the 2-position. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside is promising for research of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

4-Nitrophenyl a-D-glucopyranoside is a chromogenic substrate for α-glucosidase. 4-Nitrophenyl a-D-glucopyranoside can be used to measure of α-glucosidase activity.

Salicin is a natural COX inhibitor.

N-Acetyllactosamine (N-Acetyl-D-lactosamine), a nitrogen-containing disaccharide, is a galectin-3 inhibitor, which is an important component of various oligosaccharides such as glycoproteins and sialyl Lewis X. N-Acetyllactosamine can be used as the starting material for the synthesis of various oligosaccharides. N-Acetyllactosamine has prebiotic effects.

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide (pNPG_1) is aderivative of 4-Nitrophenol. 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucuronide is the chromogenic substrate for β-glucuronidase.

α-Acetobromoglucose, contains 1% CaCO3 as stabilizer (Acetobromo-α-D-glucose, contains 1% CaCO3 as stabilizer) is a glycosyl donor that can be used for the synthesis of other active compounds.

Stachyose hydrate is an orally active prebiotic that enhances the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria. Stachyose hydrate has hypoglycemic effects and can improve inflammation by regulating gut microbiota. In addition, Stachyose hydrate can induce plant cell apoptosis (Apoptosis). Stachyose hydrate can be used in research on inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, and agriculture .