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By Targets:	5-HT Receptor (8) Acyltransferase (1) ADC Antibody (1) Adrenergic Receptor (16) Akt (13) Aldose Reductase (1) AMPK (8) Amylases (2) Amyloid-β (1) Angiotensin Receptor (2) Antibiotic (17) Apoptosis (43) Arrestin (2) ATP Synthase (1) Autophagy (18) Bacterial (49) Bcl-2 Family (9) Biochemical Assay Reagents (62) Cadherin (1) Calcium Channel (11) Calmodulin (2) Cannabinoid Receptor (1) Carboxypeptidase (1) Caspase (15) Cathepsin (14) CCR (1) CD22 (1) CGRP Receptor (6) Chloride Channel (5) Cholecystokinin Receptor (5) Cholinesterase (ChE) (6) Claudin (2) Collagen (1) COX (15) Cytochrome P450 (1) DNA Alkylator/Crosslinker (1) DNA/RNA Synthesis (7) Dopamine Receptor (4) Dopamine β-hydroxylase (2) Drug Derivative (11) Drug Intermediate (6) Drug Metabolite (7) Endogenous Metabolite (35) Environmental Pollutants (25) Epigenetic Reader Domain (2) ERK (5) Ferroptosis (2) Fluorescent Dye (14) FOXO (3) Fungal (13) GABA Receptor (7) GCGR (1) GLP Receptor (1) Glutathione Peroxidase (5) Glutathione S-transferase (2) Glycoprotein VI (1) Glycosidase (3) Glycosyltransferase (2) GPR119 (2) HCN Channel (1) HDAC (1) HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase (5) Histamine Receptor (5) HSP (1) HSV (1) iGluR (2) Influenza Virus (1) Insecticide (4) Insulin Receptor (3) Integrin (1) Interleukin Related (15) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (21) JNK (3) Keap1-Nrf2 (3) Lactate Dehydrogenase (7) mAChR (4) MDM-2/p53 (2) mGluR (2) MHC (1) Mineralocorticoid Receptor (1) Mitochondrial Metabolism (7) MMP (2) Monoamine Transporter (2) Mps1 (1) mTOR (4) MyD88 (2) Myosin (1) Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) (4) Na+/K+ ATPase (1) nAChR (1) Necroptosis (1) NF-κB (8) NO Synthase (6) NOD-like Receptor (NLR) (1) OAT (3) Oct3/4 (1) Opioid Receptor (2) Oxidative Phosphorylation (7) p38 MAPK (5) Parasite (17) PERK (1) PGC-1α (1) Phosphatase (3) Phosphodiesterase (PDE) (5) Phosphoramidites (1) Phytohormone (1) PI3K (5) Piezo Channel (2) PKC (4) Potassium Channel (11) PPAR (2) Prostaglandin Receptor (13) Pyruvate Kinase (1) Ras (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (25) Reference Standards (48) SARS-CoV (8) Ser/Thr Protease (1) Serotonin Transporter (3) Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) (8) SOD (37) SOS1 (1) TGF-beta/Smad (5) TGF-β Receptor (2) TNF Receptor (7) Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (4) Trk Receptor (1) TRP Channel (35) Tyrosinase (1) Tyrosine Hydroxylase (2) UGT (1) Urotensin Receptor (3) VD/VDR (2) VEGFR (2) Virus Protease (2) Wnt (1) β-catenin (1) β-glucuronidase (1) γ-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (87) Cardiovascular Disease (68) Endocrinology (19) Infection (66) Inflammation/Immunology (72) Metabolic Disease (71) Neurological Disease (121)
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Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-N6687

Calcimycin 20+ Cited Publications A-23187; Antibiotic A-23187	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Fungal Apoptosis Autophagy Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca ²⁺-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis and autophagy .

HY-146245

ODN 1826 5+ Cited Publications CpG 1826	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Apoptosis NO Synthase	Cardiovascular Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
ODN 1826 is a class B CpG ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide) and TLR9 agonist. ODN 1826 induces NO and iNOS production and enhances Apoptosis. ODN 1826 enhances immune surveillance. ODN 1826 increases aortic atherosclerotic plaque size. ODN 1826 has antitumor activity against lung cancer, glioma and melanoma .

HY-B0193A

Prazosin hydrochloride 15+ Cited Publications	Adrenergic Receptor Autophagy	Cardiovascular Disease Endocrinology Cancer
Prazosin hydrochloride is a well-tolerated, CNS-active α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist for the research of high blood pressure and alcohol use disorders . Prazosin hydrochloride potently inhibits Norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated 45Ca efflux with an IC₅₀ of 0.15 nM .Prazosin hydrochloride inhibits organic cation transporters OCT-1 and OCT-3 with IC₅₀s of 1.8, and 13 μM, respectively .

HY-P0163

Gramicidin 5+ Cited Publications	Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Gramicidin is an antimicrobial peptide assembling as channels in membranes and increasing their permeability towards cations.

HY-126752

Ophthalmic acid	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Ophthalmic acid is a ubiquitous metabolite and glutathione modulator, with a K_i of 0.95 mM for glyoxalase I. Ophthalmic acid competitively inhibits glyoxalase I, glutathione S-transferase, glutaredoxin, glutamate-cysteine ligase, protein disulfide reductase (glutathione), as well as non-selective cation channels. Ophthalmic acid is applicable in diabetes-related research .

HY-N1378

(E)-Cardamonin 4 Publications Verification (E)-Cardamomin; (E)-Alpinetin chalcone	TRP Channel Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Cancer
(E)-Cardamonin ((E)-Cardamomin) is a novel antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC₅₀ of 454 nM.

HY-14710

AZ3146 10+ Cited Publications	Mps1	Cancer
AZ3146 is a reasonably potent Mps1 and TTK inhibitor, with IC₅₀ of 35 nM for Mps1 ^Cat.

HY-131897

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol 1 Publications Verification	PKC TRP Channel Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease
1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol is a diacylglycerol (DAG) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol can activate PKC. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol also can augment *nonselective cation* channel (NSCC)** activity .

HY-142118

Trabedersen 1 Publications Verification AP 12009	TGF-beta/Smad	Cancer
Trabedersen (AP 12009) is an orally active synthetic antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide that selectively targets human TGFβ2 mRNA. Trabedersen blocks TGFβ2 protein production, enters the nucleus without a transfection vector, and exerts dose-dependent antitumor effects. By reversing TGFβ2-induced immunosuppression and enhancing immune cytotoxicity, Trabedersen exhibits significant antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antimetastatic activities, with favorable safety profiles. Trabedersen is widely used in research related to various solid tumors, including anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, colorectal tumor, and melanoma .

HY-N2368

Arecaidine 1 Publications Verification	GABA Receptor Interleukin Related TGF-β Receptor TNF Receptor PPAR	Neurological Disease
Arecaidine is a GABA transport system inhibitor. Arecaidine inhibits the proliferation of oral mucosal fibroblasts, increases the secretion of IL-6, TGF-β and TNF-α in cells, downregulates the expression of PPAR-γ and PCK1 in cells, and upregulates the expression of TGF-β1 . Arecaidine inhibits the uptake of γ-aminobutyric acid and β-alanine by the central nervous system of cats . Arecaidine inhibits hPAT1-mediated L-[ ³H]proline uptake in cells. Arecaidine can be used in research related to neurological diseases .

HY-P99305

Metelimumab 3 Publications Verification cat-192; Anti-TGFB1 Recombinant Antibody	TGF-β Receptor	Inflammation/Immunology
Metelimumab (CAT-192) is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that can selectively neutralize TGFβ1 .

HY-P99053

Tralokinumab 2 Publications Verification cat354	Interleukin Related Apoptosis Caspase Cadherin	Inflammation/Immunology
Tralokinumab (CAT354) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to and neutralizes IL-13. Tralokinumab can be used in the research of diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-P99627

Frunevetmab NV-02; PG110; ABT-110	Trk Receptor	Inflammation/Immunology
Frunevetmab (NV-02) is a felinized anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody with a K_d of 20 pM. Frunevetmab can effectively decrease osteoarthritis (OA) pain in cats .

HY-100231

Cathepsin inhibitor 1 1 Publications Verification	Cathepsin	Inflammation/Immunology
Cathepsin inhibitor 1 (Compound 25) is a potent and selective inhibitor of Cathepsin, with pIC₅₀s of 7.9, 6.7, 6.0, 5.5 and 5.2 for CatL, CatL2, *CatS, CatK, and CatB*, respectively. Cathepsin inhibitor 1 is promising for research of osteoarthritis .

HY-122605

TRPM4-IN-1 CBA	TRP Channel	Cardiovascular Disease Cancer
TRPM4-IN-1 (CBA) is a potent and selective inhibitor of the cation channel TRPM4, with an IC₅₀ of 1.5 μM. TRPM4-IN-1 can be used for the research of cardiac diseases and prostate cancer .

HY-119572

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Inflammation/Immunology
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is an orally administered, non-absorbed, novel, inorganic microporous zirconium silicate compound, is a highly selective cation exchanger that selectively removes excess K ⁺ in vivo. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate can be used in research of chronic kidney disease (CKD) .

HY-150726

ODN 1668 1 Publications Verification	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Bacterial	Infection Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
ODN 1668, a class B CpG ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide), is a TLR-9 agonist. ODN 1668 has strong immune regulatory properties, can enhance the level of antibody IgG2 subtype, promote the immune response of T cells and B cells, and can be used in the study of vaccine adjuvants. In addition, CpG ODN 1668 induces an antimicrobial immune response via a CaTLR9 dependent pathway in groupers. Sequence: 5'-tccatgacgttcctgatgct-3’ .

HY-P2602

α-Casozepine	GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease
α-Casozepine is an orally effective anxiolytic that binds to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor in bovine samples with an IC₅₀ of 88 μM. α-Casozepine exerts anxiolytic and anti-stress effects on cats exposed to unfamiliar environments and dogs undergoing road transport . α-Casozepine exhibits significant anxiolytic activity in rats. α-Casozepine can be used in studies related to fear, anxiety and stress .

HY-B0416

Gallamine Triethiodide	mAChR Adrenergic Receptor	Neurological Disease
Gallamine Triethiodide is a blood-brain barrier-permeable skeletal muscle relaxant. Gallamine Triethiodide induces skeletal muscle paralysis by blocking acetylcholine. Gallamine Triethiodide directly stimulates intracardiac β receptors. Gallamine Triethiodide prolongs the duration of afterdischarge in the cat cerebral cortex. Gallamine Triethiodide can be used in studies related to convulsive disorders .

HY-17630

Edasalonexent cat-1004	NF-κB	Metabolic Disease
Edasalonexent (CAT-1004) is an orally bioavailable NF-κB inhibitor.

HY-146584

Cathepsin C-IN-5	Cathepsin	Inflammation/Immunology
Cathepsin C-IN-5 (compound SF38) is a potent, selective and orally active Cathepsin C inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 59.9 nM, 4.26 µM, >5 µM, >5 µM, >5 µM for Cat C, Cat L, Cat S, Cat B, Cat K, respectively. Cathepsin C-IN-5 inhibits the Cat C activity in bone marrow and blood. Cathepsin C-IN-5 decreases the activation of NSPs (neutrophil serine proteases). Cathepsin C-IN-5 shows anti-inflammatory activity .

HY-N11424

Bilirubin diglucuronide	Drug Metabolite Glycosyltransferase	Metabolic Disease
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a bilirubin glycoside conjugate with a 1-O-acyl β-D-glucuronide structure. Bilirubin diglucuronide is the major conjugated bilirubin (HY-N0323) and predominant pigment excreted in the bile of adult humans, rats, dogs and cats. Bilirubin diglucuronide is mainly synthesized via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to bilirubin monoglucuronide, or via enzymatic disproportionation of two moles of bilirubin monoglucuronide (predominantly producing the IXα configuration). In addition, Bilirubin diglucuronide can also be synthesized from bilirubin or its monoglucuronide in a UDP-glucuronic acid-dependent manner. Pretreatment with phenobarbital significantly enhances the formation process of Bilirubin diglucuronide .

HY-129096

IDT307 2 Publications Verification	Fluorescent Dye	Others
IDT307, an analog of the organic cation MPP+, is a specific fluorescent substrate for DAT (fluorescent substrate APP+) .

HY-W587415

cis/trans-Nepetalactol	Others	Others
Nepetalactol is an iridoid. It has been found in Actinidia polygama (the silver vine) as a major cat attractant, and a mosquito repellent.

HY-P99474

Bertilimumab cat 213; iCo-008	CCR	Inflammation/Immunology
Bertilimumab (CAT 213; iCo-008) is a human monoclonal antibody targeting eotaxin-1 (CCL11). Bertilimumab has the potential for allergic disorders research .

HY-W006212

1,4,7-Triazonane 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
1,4,7-Triazonane (1,4,7-Triazacyclononane), an intermediate in the synthesis of 1,4,7-trifunctionalized derivatives, is a possible reagent for compleximetric titrations with high cation-binding selectivity .

HY-110374

NVS-CECR2-1 1 Publications Verification	Epigenetic Reader Domain Apoptosis	Cancer
NVS-CECR2-1, a non-BET family Bromodomain (BRD) inhibitor, is a potent and selective cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 2 (CECR2) inhibitor. NVS-CECR2-1 binds to CECR2 BRD with high affinity (IC₅₀=47 nM; K_D=80 nM). NVS-CECR2-1 exhibits cytotoxic activity and induces apoptosis against various cancer cells by targeting CECR2 as well as via CECR2-independent mechanism . NVS-CECR2-1 is a chemical probe.

HY-155254

Sodium ionophore VI	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Sodium ionophore VI is a sodium ionophore that has been employed for developing cation optical sensors .

HY-P99695

Lerdelimumab cat-152	TGF-beta/Smad	Neurological Disease
Lerdelimumab (CAT-152) is an IgG4 human anti-TGF-β2 recombinant monoclonal antibody. Lerdelimumab can be used as an anti-scarring agent for glaucoma research .

HY-W013264A

Tetrabutylammonium chloride monohydrate	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
Tetrabutylammonium chloride monohydrate, a quaternary ammonium cation, is a catalyst in a chemical reaction .

HY-161772

(S)-Gebr32a	Phosphodiesterase (PDE)	Neurological Disease
(S)-Gebr32a is a potent PDE4 inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 19.5, 2.1 µM for PDE4 cat; PDE4D3, respectively .

HY-145728

Alicaforsen ISIS-2302	Integrin	Inflammation/Immunology
Alicaforsen is an oligonucleotide and immunostimulant targeting human ICAM-1 mRNA. Alicaforsen hybridizes to specific sites to reduce the expression level of ICAM-1. Alicaforsen is applicable to relevant research on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease .

HY-N10144

Shinpterocarpin	PI3K Akt Keap1-Nrf2 Bcl-2 Family SOD Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Inflammation/Immunology
Shinpterocarpin is a flavonoid compound. Shinpterocarpin can be isolated from the air-dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Xuanshen Decoction. Shinpterocarpin binds to the targets PI3K, AKT, Nrf2, Bcl-2, Bax, *CAT* and SOD. Shinpterocarpin enhances immunity and exerts antioxidant effects by reducing the production of ROS .

HY-P5898

Z-Val-Val-Nle-diazomethylketone Z-Val-Val-Nle-CHN2	Cathepsin MHC	Inflammation/Immunology
Z-Val-Val-Nle-diazomethylketone is a cathepsin S (CATS) inhibitor. Z-Val-Val-Nle-diazomethylketone significantly inhibits the IFNg-induced upregulation of the MHCII molecules HLA-DR and Ii-p33/35 with an increase of Ii-p10 protein level. Z-Val-Val-Nle-diazomethylketone can be used for dermatological diseases like psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and actinic keratosis research .

HY-147774

Cathepsin K inhibitor 6	Cathepsin	Others
Cathepsin K inhibitor 6 (compound 19) is an inhibitor of cathepsin K (Cat K) with an IC₅₀ of 17 nM. Cathepsin K inhibitor 6 also has inhibitory effects on other isoforms, with IC₅₀s of 0.05 μM (Cat L) and 0.3 μM (Cat B), respectively .

HY-RS29475

*CEPT1 Human/Cat* Pre-designed siRNA Set A**	Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)	Metabolic Disease
CEPT1 Human/Cat Pre-designed siRNA Set A contains three designed siRNAs for CEPT1 gene (Human/Cat), as well as a negative control, a positive control, and a FAM-labeled negative control. Components CEPT1 siRNA-1: 5 nmol (HPLC) CEPT1 siRNA-2: 5 nmol (HPLC) CEPT1 siRNA-3: 5 nmol (HPLC) siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) FAM-labeled siRNA Negative Control: 5 nmol (HPLC) GAPDH siRNA Positive Control: 5 nmol (HPLC)

CEPT1 Human/Cat Pre-designed siRNA Set A CEPT1 Human/Cat Pre-designed siRNA Set A

HY-107535

AS1269574	GPR119 TRP Channel	Metabolic Disease
AS1269574 is a potent, orally available GPR119 agonist, with an EC₅₀ of 2.5 μM in HEK293 cells expressing human GPR119. AS1269574 activates TRPA1 cation channels to stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. AS1269574 specifically induces glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells only under high-glucose conditions. AS1269574 has the potential for the research of type 2 diabetes .

HY-118874

Oblimersen	Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis	Cancer
Oblimersen is a BCL-2 inhibitor targeting BCL-2 RNA. Oblimersen specifically binds to the first six codons of the bcl-2 mRNA sequence, resulting in degradation of bcl-2 mRNA and induces apoptosis by down-regulating expression of Bcl-2. Oblimersen can be used for cancer research .

HY-134268

8-Br-7-CH-ADPR 8-Bromo-7-deazaadenosine-5'-O-diphosphoribose	TRP Channel	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease
8-Br-7-CH-ADPR (8-Bromo-7-deazaadenosine-5'-O-diphosphoribose) is a specific TRPM2 antagonist that inhibits TRPM2 activation by binding to the NUDT9 homology domain of the TRPM2 channel, thereby controlling the influx of cations through the cell membrane channel. 8-Br-7-CH-ADPR can be used to study the role of TRPM2 in pathological processes such as cell death, neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial infarction, and diabetes .

HY-124514

UC-857993	SOS1 Ras ERK	Cancer
UC-857993 is a selective SOS1-Ras inhibitor (K_d=14.7 μM, His₆-SOS1_cat), suppressing catalytic activity. UC-857993 also inhibits ERK and Ras activation, suppresses the growth of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) .

HY-107756

LOE 908 hydrochloride	Calcium Channel	Neurological Disease
LOE 908 hydrochloride is a non-selective cation channel (NSCC) inhibitor .

HY-111525

Monactin	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Monactin is a mactrotetralide antibiotic and a non-selective ionophore for monovalent cations, including potassium, sodium, and lithium. Monactin is isolated from Streptomyces and has antiproliferative activity .

HY-110411

Chlorproethazine hydrochloride	Drug Derivative	Neurological Disease
Chlorproethazine hydrochloride is an orally active phenothiazine compound. Chlorproethazine hydrochloride can eliminate spasticity when administered intravenously and also effectively reduce rigidity in decerebrate cats. Chlorproethazine hydrochloride can be used in the research of neurological diseases .

HY-N8955

Maritimein	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Inflammation/Immunology
Maritimein is an aurone glucoside and antioxidant with free radical scavenger activity, found in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.Maritimein scavenges ABTS•+ radical cations .

HY-N6687B

Calcimycin hemimagnesium A-23187 hemimagnesium; Antibiotic A-23187 hemimagnesium	Oxidative Phosphorylation Antibiotic Bacterial Fungal Apoptosis Autophagy	Infection Cancer
Calcimycin (A-23187) hemimagnesium is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces Ca ²⁺-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin hemimagnesium inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin hemimagnesium also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin hemimagnesium induces apoptosis and autophagy .

HY-146581

Cathepsin C-IN-4	Cathepsin	Inflammation/Immunology
Cathepsin C-IN-4 (compound SF27) is a potent *Cathepsin C (Cat* C) inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 65.6 nM. Cathepsin C-IN-4 also inhibits THP-1 and U937 cell, with IC₅₀** values of 203.4 and 177.6 nM, respectively .

HY-10290

MK-0674	Cathepsin	Metabolic Disease
MK-0674 is a potent, orally bioavailable and selective cathepsin K inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 0.4 nM, shows 1156, 1465, 11857 and 243 fold selectivity over Cat B, Cat F, Cat L and Cat S .

HY-W751579

Cefovecin	Bacterial Antibiotic	Infection
Cefovecin is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefovecin's most notable characteristic is its extremely long-lasting effect; a single subcutaneous injection can maintain an effective therapeutic concentration in tissues for up to 14 days. Cefovecin is used in research on bacterial infections in dogs and cats .

HY-D1640

5',5-Difluoro BAPTA tetrapotassium	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
5,5'-Difluoro BAPTA tetrapotassium is a difluoro-derivative of BAPTA (HY-100168). 5,5'-Difluoro BAPTA tetrapotassium shows large ¹⁹F NMR chemical shifts upon chelating divalent cations. 5,5'-Difluoro BAPTA tetrapotassium has high selectivity for Ca ²⁺. 5,5'-Difluoro BAPTA tetrapotassium can inhibit the growth of pollen tube .

HY-P10118A

Cathepsin L-IN-3 TFA	Cathepsin	Others
Cathepsin L-IN-3 (Compound cat L inh. 7) TFA is selective a noncovalent cathepsin L inhibitor with a K_i of 4.3 nM .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-13434

Ionomycin Maximum Cited Publications 120 Publications Verification SQ23377	Infection Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Disease Research Anticancer Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Source Classification	Calcium Channel PKC Bacterial Apoptosis Antibiotic
Ionomycin (SQ23377) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin (SQ23377) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) .

HY-N6687

Calcimycin 20+ Cited Publications A-23187; Antibiotic A-23187	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Polyether Antibiotics Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Fungal Apoptosis Autophagy Antibiotic
Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca ²⁺-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis and autophagy .

HY-13434A

Ionomycin calcium Maximum Cited Publications 120 Publications Verification SQ23377 calcium	Infection Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Disease Research Anticancer Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Source Classification	Calcium Channel PKC Bacterial Apoptosis Antibiotic
Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin (SQ23377) promotes apoptosis. Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) .

HY-75161

(-)-Menthol 4 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Other Monoterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Labiatae Erythrina poeppigiana Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite TRP Channel
(-)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil that binds and activates transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a Ca ²⁺-permeable nonselective cation channel, to increase [Ca ²⁺]_i . Antitumor activity .

HY-P0163

Gramicidin 5+ Cited Publications	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Other Antibiotics Source Classification	Bacterial Antibiotic
Gramicidin is an antimicrobial peptide assembling as channels in membranes and increasing their permeability towards cations.

HY-N7075

Inulin 4 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Polysaccharides Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Plants Compositae Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Sophora tomentosa L. Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Inulin is an orally active prebiotic targeting the intestinal microbiota, selectively promoting the proliferation and activity of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and playing a role in regulating the intestinal microecology. The functions of Inulin include: Fermentation by probiotics in the colon to produce short-chain fatty acids (such as butyrate and propionate), lowering the intestinal pH and inhibiting the overgrowth of harmful bacteria; Enhancing the intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin translocation; Directly scavenging free radicals (such as superoxide free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals) and activating antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) to reduce oxidative stress. Inulin can also be used in the study of intestinal diseases (constipation, IBD), metabolic syndrome (diabetes, obesity) and liver damage by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism (such as reducing triglycerides, improving insulin sensitivity) and immune response (enhancing NK cell activity, inhibiting inflammatory factors)[1][2][3][4].

HY-W011527

Xanthosine 3 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Marine natural products Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Akt AMPK FOXO
Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine activates the AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Xanthosine promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research .

HY-112540B

Acetoacetic acid sodium	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Acetoacetic acid sodium is an oxidative stress inducer that affects the antioxidant enzyme system and lipoprotein metabolism. Acetoacetic acid sodium induces oxidative stress by decreasing the mRNA expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing MDA content, and inhibiting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly by downregulating apolipoprotein ApoB100, ApoE, and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), leading to triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hepatocytes. Acetoacetic acid sodium can be used to study metabolic diseases .

HY-129555

Surfactin 5+ Cited Publications	Infection Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Bacterial HSV Antibiotic
Surfactin is a potent cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants consists of four isomers (Surfactin A, B, C and D), which mediates flux of mono-and divalent cations, such as calcium, across lipid bilayer membranes. Surfactin can act as an antimicrobial adjuvant with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antimycoplasma and hemolytic effects . Surfactin also has antiviral activity against a variety of enveloped viruses .

HY-112540

Acetoacetic acid 4 Publications Verification	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Acetoacetic acid is an oxidative stress inducer that affects the antioxidant enzyme system and lipoprotein metabolism. Acetoacetic acid induces oxidative stress by decreasing the mRNA expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing MDA content, and inhibiting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly by downregulating apolipoprotein ApoB100, ApoE, and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), leading to triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hepatocytes. Acetoacetic acid can be used to study metabolic diseases .

HY-B0762

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 2 Publications Verification O-Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride; ALCAR hydrochloride	Alkaloids Structural Classification Other Alkaloids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Caspase Apoptosis
Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) hydrochloride is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression .

HY-113218

Acetyl-L-carnitine 2 Publications Verification O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR	Natural Products Animals Source Classification	Caspase Apoptosis
Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression .

HY-128483

Fusaric acid	Infection Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	TGF-beta/Smad PI3K NF-κB Akt Apoptosis Dopamine β-hydroxylase mTOR Adrenergic Receptor
Fusaric acid is an orally active multi-pathway inhibitor with the activity of inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Fusaric acid can chelate divalent metal cations, damage mitochondrial membrane structure, and activate apoptosis-related proteases such as Caspase-3/7, -8, and -9. Fusaric acid also regulates Bax/Bcl-2 protein, inhibits fibrosis-related signaling pathways such as NF-κB, TGF-β₁/SMADs, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and reduces collagen deposition. Fusaric acid is also a dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor, which reduces endogenous levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the brain, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands. Fusaric acid can play a role in myocardial fibrosis and improve cardiac hypertrophy in heart disease, and can also be used in the study of esophageal cancer and liver cancer .

HY-126752

Ophthalmic acid	Structural Classification Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Ophthalmic acid is a ubiquitous metabolite and glutathione modulator, with a K_i of 0.95 mM for glyoxalase I. Ophthalmic acid competitively inhibits glyoxalase I, glutathione S-transferase, glutaredoxin, glutamate-cysteine ligase, protein disulfide reductase (glutathione), as well as non-selective cation channels. Ophthalmic acid is applicable in diabetes-related research .

HY-N1378

(E)-Cardamonin 4 Publications Verification (E)-Cardamomin; (E)-Alpinetin chalcone	Chalcones Flavonoids Alpinia katsumadai Hayata Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Zingiberaceae Cancer	TRP Channel Apoptosis
(E)-Cardamonin ((E)-Cardamomin) is a novel antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC₅₀ of 454 nM.

HY-B1827

D-Galacturonic acid hydrate 2 Publications Verification D-galUA hydrate	Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
D-Galacturonic acid (D-galUA) hydrate, as the main component of pectin, is abundantly present in plants. The carboxyl group of D-Galacturonic acid hydrate can bind to metal cations. D-Galacturonic acid hydrate plays an important role in the food industry, pharmaceutical field, and heavy metal removal, among other aspects .

HY-N6790

Nonactin Ammonium ionophore I	Infection Microorganisms Macrolide Antibiotics Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Disease Research Anticancer Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Potassium Channel Mitochondrial Metabolism Bacterial Influenza Virus Apoptosis Antibiotic HSP
Nonactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic and mitochondrial uncoupler with antibacterial, insecticidal, and acaricidal activities. Nonactin acts as an ionophore for monovalent cations, including K ⁺, and NH₄ ⁺, and it can also inhibit the surface expression of endogenous HSP60. In addition, Nonactin can induce apoptosis in β-catenin mutant tumor cells and has anti-tumor activity .

HY-N0631

Cornuside 5+ Cited Publications	Structural Classification Iridoids Cornaceae Classification of Application Fields Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. Terpenoids Phenols Polyphenols Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	p38 MAPK NF-κB JNK Cholinesterase (ChE) Acyltransferase NO Synthase Interleukin Related TNF Receptor Prostaglandin Receptor ERK COX
Cornuside is an iridoid glycoside with anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. Cornuside exerts anti-allergic activity by downregulating the p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, and inhibits IgE-mediated histamine release from mast cells. Cornuside improves cognitive impairment in mice by inhibiting BACE1 activity (IC₅₀ = 55.84 μg/mL) and enhancing ChAT activity. Cornuside inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, by suppressing NF-κB activation .

HY-32350

Ercalcitriol 3 Publications Verification 1α,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D2	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	VD/VDR Drug Metabolite Endogenous Metabolite
Ercalcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D2) is a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist with high binding affinity. After binding to VDR, Ercalcitriol forms a complex with retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate target gene transcription. For example, Ercalcitriol induces human gingival/oral epithelial cells to produce human cat antimicrobial peptide (hCAP-18/LL-37), which has antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Ercalcitriol enhances the innate immune defense of the oral mucosa by promoting the expression of antimicrobial peptides, and is mainly used in the study of periodontal diseases and immune-related oral diseases .

HY-W013579

(S)-(+)-Carvone D-Carvone	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Gymnaster koraiensis Other Diseases Umbelliferae Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Apoptosis Caspase Interleukin Related Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) NOD-like Receptor (NLR) SOD
(S)-(+)-Carvone is an orally active natural product. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, *CAT) and ROS, reduces the levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, AChE), reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and downregulates NLRP3. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activities of caspase-8, -9 and -3. (S)-(+)-Carvone induces apoptotic* death. (S)-(+)-Carvone has antimanic-like effect, liver protection and anticancer activity against skin cancer. (S)-(+)-Carvone improves memory and arthritis .

HY-131897

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Lipid Source Classification	PKC TRP Channel Endogenous Metabolite
1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol is a diacylglycerol (DAG) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol can activate PKC. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol also can augment *nonselective cation* channel (NSCC)** activity .

HY-N2368

Arecaidine 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Structural Classification Areca catechu L. Pyridine Alkaloids Palmae Plants Source Classification	GABA Receptor Interleukin Related TGF-β Receptor TNF Receptor PPAR
Arecaidine is a GABA transport system inhibitor. Arecaidine inhibits the proliferation of oral mucosal fibroblasts, increases the secretion of IL-6, TGF-β and TNF-α in cells, downregulates the expression of PPAR-γ and PCK1 in cells, and upregulates the expression of TGF-β1 . Arecaidine inhibits the uptake of γ-aminobutyric acid and β-alanine by the central nervous system of cats . Arecaidine inhibits hPAT1-mediated L-[ ³H]proline uptake in cells. Arecaidine can be used in research related to neurological diseases .

HY-113486

Lathosterol 2 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite SOD Lactate Dehydrogenase
Lathosterol is a plant sterol and cholesterol-like molecule. Lathosterol increases antioxidant enzymes (such as SOD, *CAT, and GSH) and decreases LDH*. Lathosterol has a hepatoprotective effect on mice with acetaminophen (HY-66005)-induced liver injury ^{[1] .}

HY-N3029

Noreugenin 2 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Natural Products Rhododendron dauricum Linn. Classification of Application Fields Plants Aloe arborescens Liliaceae Other Diseases Phenols Polyphenols Ericaceae Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Interleukin Related Apoptosis Glutathione Peroxidase SOD Glutathione S-transferase Necroptosis
Noreugenin is a phenolic compound found in Calea uniflora Less. Noreugenin inhibits myeloperoxidase activity and reduces levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17A levels in LPS (HY-D1056)-induced murine pleurisy model. Noreugenin reduces apoptosis and necrosis. Noreugenin reduces lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD, GST) activity. Noreugenin exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Noreugenin can be used for the research of inflammatory conditions, such as pleurisy .

HY-112540A

Acetoacetic acid lithium 4 Publications Verification	Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Acetoacetic acid lithium is an oxidative stress inducer that affects the antioxidant enzyme system and lipoprotein metabolism. Acetoacetic acid lithium induces oxidative stress by decreasing the mRNA expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing MDA content, and inhibiting very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly by downregulating apolipoprotein ApoB100, ApoE, and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), leading to triglyceride (TG) accumulation in hepatocytes. Acetoacetic acid lithium can be used to study metabolic diseases .

HY-A0066A

Tolazoline hydrochloride Imidaline hydrochloride; NSC35110 hydrochloride	Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Other Alkaloids Alpinia officinarum Hance Plants Disease Research Fields Endocrinology Source Classification Zingiberaceae	Adrenergic Receptor
Tolazoline hydrochloride (Imidaline hydrochloride) is an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Tolazoline hydrochloride inhibits Noradrenaline (HY-13715)-induced cell contraction, modulates vascular resistance, increases arterial pressure, and reverses bradycardia and tachypnea. Tolazoline hydrochloride can be used to study erectile dysfunction, α₂-adrenergic receptor agonist-related poisoning, and skin vascular disease research .

HY-113469

Cyclic GMP 1 Publications Verification	Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-B0927

Hydrastine (-)-β-Hydrastine; (1R,9S)-β-Hydrastine	Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Ranunculaceae Other Diseases Plants Disease Research Fields	Tyrosine Hydroxylase Dopamine Receptor OAT
Hydrastine ((-)-β-Hydrastine; (1R,9S)-β-Hydrastine) is a selective competitive inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), inhibiting dopamine biosynthesis (IC₅₀=20.7 μM, PC12 cells). Hydrastine also inhibits the *organic cation* transporter OCT1 (IC₅₀=6.6 μM). Hydrastine may cause neuronal toxicity through mitochondrial dysfunction rather than oxidative stress damage, and can aggravate cell apoptosis** when combined with L-DOPA. Hydrastine can be used to study Parkinson's disease-related dopaminergic neuronal damage .

HY-N11424

Bilirubin diglucuronide	Structural Classification Natural Products Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Drug Metabolite Glycosyltransferase
Bilirubin diglucuronide is a bilirubin glycoside conjugate with a 1-O-acyl β-D-glucuronide structure. Bilirubin diglucuronide is the major conjugated bilirubin (HY-N0323) and predominant pigment excreted in the bile of adult humans, rats, dogs and cats. Bilirubin diglucuronide is mainly synthesized via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase-mediated transfer of glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronic acid to bilirubin monoglucuronide, or via enzymatic disproportionation of two moles of bilirubin monoglucuronide (predominantly producing the IXα configuration). In addition, Bilirubin diglucuronide can also be synthesized from bilirubin or its monoglucuronide in a UDP-glucuronic acid-dependent manner. Pretreatment with phenobarbital significantly enhances the formation process of Bilirubin diglucuronide .

HY-N2003

D-Tetrahydropalmatine 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Papaveraceae Source Classification	Dopamine Receptor
D-Tetrahydropalmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly in the genus Corydalis . D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with preferential affinity toward the D1 receptors . D-Tetrahydropalmatine is a potent *organic cation* transporter 1 (OCT1)** inhibitor .

HY-B1827A

D-Galacturonic acid 2 Publications Verification D-galUA	Rutaceae Plants Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Saccharides Monosaccharides Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
D-Galacturonic acid (D-galUA), as the main component of pectin, is abundantly present in plants. The carboxyl group of D-Galacturonic acid can bind to metal cations. D-Galacturonic acid plays an important role in the food industry, pharmaceutical field, and heavy metal removal, among other aspects .

HY-W015815

6-Methylnicotinamide	Alkaloids Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Pyridine Alkaloids Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
6-Methylnicotinamide is a nicotinamide derivative. 6-methylnicotinamide is also an endogenous metabolite and its sudden increase in the acute stages of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) exacerbates neurological damages in rat model. 6-Methylnicotinamide can significantly enhance the coordination effect between acylamino and undercoordinated defective Pb ²⁺ cations. 6-Methylnicotinamide results in enhanced efficiency of perovskite solar cells to 24.33% with excellent environmental storage, heat, and light stabilities .

HY-113469A

Cyclic GMP sodium 1 Publications Verification	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Cyclic GMP (cGMP) sodium, an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP sodium occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-N7700A

Guluronic acid sodium 1 Publications Verification G2013 sodium	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	VEGFR Toll-like Receptor (TLR) COX NO Synthase NF-κB MMP
Guluronic acid (G2013) sodium is an orally active oxidative stress regulator and anti-inflammatory agent that exerts pharmacological effects by down-regulating various pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress-related genes (such as TLR4, NF-κB, iNOS, etc.) and inhibiting the activities of COX-2, MMPs and VEGF. Low-dose Guluronic acid sodium up-regulates the expression of immunoregulatory genes SHIP1 and SOCS1, thereby effectively inhibiting cancer-related inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, cell adhesion and metastasis, while reducing the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. Guluronic acid sodium significantly prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing hosts within a concentration range without direct cytotoxicity, demonstrating favorable safety. Guluronic acid sodium has involved in the research of multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, breast cancer and other inflammatory diseases .

HY-N5073

Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside 4''-O-Glucosylvitexin	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Flavones Rosaceae Phenols Polyphenols Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	JNK p38 MAPK Interleukin Related TNF Receptor Caspase Lactate Dehydrogenase Apoptosis
Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside (4''-O-Glucosylvitexin) is an orally active natural flavonoid component with multiple pharmacological effects including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cytoprotection and anti-apoptosis. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside regulates the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38, thereby blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside alleviates oxidative stress by reducing MDA content and upregulating the activities of SOD and CAT, attenuates inflammation by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and also reduces LDH release and inhibits caspase-3 activation. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside effectively improves drug-induced acute liver injury and exerts significant protective effects against myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside can be used in studies on acute liver injury, cardiovascular diseases and myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury .

HY-75161R

(-)-Menthol (Standard)	Structural Classification Other Monoterpenes Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Terpenoids Labiatae Erythrina poeppigiana Plants Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards TRP Channel Endogenous Metabolite
(-)-Menthol (Standard) is the analytical standard of (-)-Menthol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (-)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil that binds and activates transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, to increase [Ca2+]i . Antitumor activity .

HY-B1827R

D-Galacturonic acid hydrate (Standard) D-galUA hydrate (Standard)	Structural Classification Endogenous metabolite Saccharides Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
D-Galacturonic acid hydrate (Standard) (D-galUA hydrate (Standard)) is the analytical standard of D-Galacturonic acid hydrate (HY-B1827). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-Galacturonic acid (D-galUA) hydrate, as the main component of pectin, is abundantly present in plants. The carboxyl group of D-Galacturonic acid hydrate can bind to metal cations. D-Galacturonic acid hydrate plays an important role in the food industry, pharmaceutical field, and heavy metal removal, among other aspects.

HY-N4309

Lotusine	Cardiovascular Disease Alkaloids Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Amylases Glycosidase
Lotusine is an orally active signaling pathway modulator and enzyme inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 30.60 μg/mL against α-amylase and an IC₅₀ of 36.15 μg/mL against α-glucosidase. Lotusine inhibits the EGFR-Akt-ERK signaling pathway by reducing the levels of phosphorylated EGFR, Akt and ERK. Lotusine induces apoptosis, triggers G₀/G₁ cell cycle arrest and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Lotusine reduces lipid peroxidation and increases the activities of SOD, *CAT* and GPx. Lotusine is applicable to researches related to non-small cell lung cancer, type 2 diabetes and autism spectrum disorder .

HY-122369

Histargin	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source Classification	Carboxypeptidase
Histargin is a selective carboxypeptidase B inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 17 μg/mL and a K_i of 30 μM. Histargin exerts competitive inhibition with substrate, with inhibitory activity abolished by metal cations. Histargin shows no significant inhibitory activity against carboxypeptidase A, aminopeptidase A, or aminopeptidase B .

HY-W013803

Xanthosine dihydrate	Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Akt AMPK FOXO
Xanthosine dihydrate is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine dihydrate activates the AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β signaling cascade. Xanthosine dihydrate promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine dihydrate increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine dihydrate is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research .

HY-76632

4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid	Apocynaceae Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Plants Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & Arn. Source Classification	Cholinesterase (ChE) SOD
4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid activates antioxidant enzymes (such as catalase *CAT* and superoxide dismutase SOD), scavenges free radicals, and exhibits antioxidant property. 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid activates AChE and BChE, enhances neuronal function and improves Tau-induced neurobehavioral defects. 4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid improves the cognitive defects, and ameliorates circadian rhythm disorders of fruit flies .

HY-113469R

Cyclic GMP (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Reference Standards
Cyclic GMP (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cyclic GMP (HY-113469). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-W008820R

Glutaric acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease markers Endocrine diseases Nervous System Disorder Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
Glutaric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glutaric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glutaric acid, C5 dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate during the catabolic pathways of lysine and tryptophan. Glutaric acid affects pericyte contractility and migration. Glutaric acid is an indicator of glutaric aciduria type I . In Vitro: Glutaric acid (GA) at concentrations of 1 and 2 mM is able to reduce TRAP measurement by up to 28% in a dose-dependent manner (β=0.77; P<0.001). Furthermore, a significantly inverse correlation is also verified between chemiluminescence and TRAP (β=0.81; P<0.001). Glutaric acid does not alter the activities of Cat and SOD, but strongly inhibits (up to 46%) the activity of GPx even at the lower concentration used (0.5 mM). It is observed that the metabolite inhibits this activity in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations as low as 0.05 mM .

HY-W015815R

6-Methylnicotinamide (Standard)	Alkaloids Pyridine Alkaloids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
6-Methylnicotinamide is a nicotinamide derivative. 6-methylnicotinamide is also an endogenous metabolite and its sudden increase in the acute stages of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) exacerbates neurological damages in rat model. 6-Methylnicotinamide can significantly enhance the coordination effect between acylamino and undercoordinated defective Pb2+ cations. 6-Methylnicotinamide results in enhanced efficiency of perovskite solar cells to 24.33% with excellent environmental storage, heat, and light stabilities .

HY-111525

Monactin	Infection Microorganisms Macrolide Antibiotics Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Antibacterial Disease Research Anticancer Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Antibiotic
Monactin is a mactrotetralide antibiotic and a non-selective ionophore for monovalent cations, including potassium, sodium, and lithium. Monactin is isolated from Streptomyces and has antiproliferative activity .

HY-N8955

Maritimein	Structural Classification Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm. Plants Compositae Saccharides Monosaccharides Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Maritimein is an aurone glucoside and antioxidant with free radical scavenger activity, found in Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.Maritimein scavenges ABTS•+ radical cations .

HY-N1378R

(E)-Cardamonin (Standard) (E)-Cardamomin (Standard); (E)-Alpinetin chalcone (Standard)	Structural Classification Chalcones Flavonoids Alpinia katsumadai Hayata Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification Zingiberaceae	Reference Standards TRP Channel Apoptosis
(E)-Cardamonin (Standard) is the analytical standard of (E)-Cardamonin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. (E)-Cardamonin ((E)-Cardamomin) is a novel antagonist of hTRPA1 cation channel with an IC50 of 454 nM.

HY-N9928

Echinenone	Animals Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source Classification	Cholinesterase (ChE)
Echinenone is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor (IC₅₀=16.29 μg/mL) with anti-Aβ(25-35) activity. Echinenone can inhibit MDA content and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities to cope with oxidative stress damage .

HY-N8707

Homobutein	Classification of Application Fields Plants Compositae Infection Chalcones Flavonoids Millettia pachyloba Drake Phenols Polyphenols Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Parasite HDAC NF-κB
Homobutein a natural chalcones (can be found in many medicinal plants, fruits, vegetables, spices and nuts), is a potent HDACs/NF-κB dual inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 190 and 38 μM, respectively. Homobutein also a chelator of iron (II and III) cations, shows various activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiparasite and antioxidation .

HY-126605

Trinactin	Microorganisms Antibiotics Source Classification	Bacterial
Trinactin is a macrotetrolide antibiotic. Trinactin also is a cation carrier .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-Y0682S

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-d12

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-d₁₂ is the deuterium labeled Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid . Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a metal chelators (binds to metal divalent and trivalent cations including calcium), which shows activities of anticoagulant and anti-hypercalcemic. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreases the metal ion-catalyzed oxidative damage to proteins, and allows maintenance of reducing environment during protein purification. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid can also decrease the formation of disulfide bonds .

HY-B0762S

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3 hydrochloride

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d₃ (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine-d₃) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (HY-B0762). Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) hydrochloride is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression .

HY-B0762S1

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d3-1 hydrochloride

Acetyl-L-carnitine-d₃-1 (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine-d₃-1) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (HY-B0762). Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) hydrochloride is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression .

HY-Y0682S1

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-d16

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-d₁₆ is the deuterium labeled Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid . Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a metal chelators (binds to metal divalent and trivalent cations including calcium), which shows activities of anticoagulant and anti-hypercalcemic. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreases the metal ion-catalyzed oxidative damage to proteins, and allows maintenance of reducing environment during protein purification. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid can also decrease the formation of disulfide bonds .

HY-W767865

Cyclic GMP sodium-13C5

Cyclic GMP sodium- ¹³C₅ is the ¹³C-labeled Cyclic GMP sodium (HY-113469A). Cyclic GMP (cGMP) sodium, an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP sodium occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-W654254

Malachite green-d5 oxalate
Malachite green-d₅ (oxalate) is deuterium labeled Malachite green cation .

HY-B0565S

Ronidazole-d3
Ronidazole-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Ronidazole (HY-B0565) . Ronidazole is a potent and orally active antiprotozoal and anti-microbial agent. Ronidazole acts as a veterinary agent against Tritrichomonas foetus?in cats models. Ronidazole can be used the research of forhistomoniasis?and?swine?dysentery .

HY-113486S1

lathosterol-d7
lathosterol-d₇ is deuterium labeled Lathosterol (HY-113486). Lathosterol is a plant sterol and cholesterol-like molecule. Lathosterol increases antioxidant enzymes (such as SOD, *CAT, and GSH) and decreases LDH*. Lathosterol has a hepatoprotective effect on mice with acetaminophen (HY-66005)-induced liver injury ^{^.}

HY-W711474

(-)-Menthol-d4
(-)-Menthol-d₄ is the deuterium labeled (-)-Menthol (HY-75161). (-)-Menthol is a key component of peppermint oil that binds and activates transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channel, to increase [Ca2+]i . Antitumor activity .

HY-B1221S1

Flufenamic acid-13C6

Flufenamic acid- ¹³C₆ is the ¹³C₆ labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca ²⁺ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.

HY-B1221S

Flufenamic acid-d4

Flufenamic acid-d₄ is deuterium labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca ²⁺ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.

HY-W724370

Tetraethylammonium bromide-d20

Tetraethylammonium bromide-d₂₀ (TEA bromide-d₂₀) is the deuterium labeled Tetraethylammonium bromide (HY-W014408). Tetraethylammonium bromide is a quaternary ammonium salt consisting of a positively charged tetraethylammonium cation and a negatively charged bromide anion. This compound is commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst in organic chemical reactions, facilitating the transfer of reactants between immiscible phases. It can also be used as a reagent for the synthesis of various organic compounds, an electrolyte in electrochemical experiments, and a source of tetraethylammonium ions in biochemical and pharmacological research.

HY-131897S

1-Stearoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-d8-sn-Glycerol
1-Stearoyl-2-Arachidonoyl-d₈-sn-Glycerol is the deuterium labeled 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol is a diacylglycerol (DAG) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol can activate PKC. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol also can augment nonselective cation channel (NSCC) activity .

HY-W777365

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-13C4

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid- ¹³C₄ (EDTA- ¹³C₄) is the ¹³C-labeled Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (HY-Y0682). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a kind of metal chelating agent (binds to bivalent and trivalent metal cations, including calcium). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-hypercalcemia and anticoagulant activities. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreases the metal ion-catalyzed oxidative damage to proteins, and allows maintenance of reducing environment during protein purification. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid can alleviate the liver fibrosis. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid can be used for coronary artery disease and neural system disease research .

HY-W654000

Cyclic GMP-13C,15N2

Cyclic GMP- ¹³C, ¹⁵N₂ is ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Cyclic GMP (HY-113469). Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-W765177

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride-13C3

Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride- ¹³C₃ (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride- ¹³C₃) is the ¹³C-labeled Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (HY-B0762). Acetyl-L-carnitine (O-Acetyl-L-carnitine; ALCAR) hydrochloride is an orally active mitochondrial energy metabolism regulator and neuroprotectant that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride selectively enters cells and the brain through the organic cation transporter OCTN2. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride can participate in fatty acid β-oxidation, promote acetylcholine synthesis, regulate mitochondrial function and inhibit oxidative stress as an acetyl donor. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride exerts its activity by enhancing energy metabolism, protecting neurons and improving synaptic plasticity. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is mainly used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorder-related diseases such as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease, and depression .

HY-32350S1

Ercalcitriol-d3

Ercalcitriol-d₃ (1α,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D2-d₃) is the deuterium labeled Ercalcitriol (HY-32350). Ercalcitriol (1α,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D2) is a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonist with high binding affinity. After binding to VDR, Ercalcitriol forms a complex with retinoid X receptor (RXR) to regulate target gene transcription. For example, Ercalcitriol induces human gingival/oral epithelial cells to produce human cat antimicrobial peptide (hCAP-18/LL-37), which has antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Ercalcitriol enhances the innate immune defense of the oral mucosa by promoting the expression of antimicrobial peptides, and is mainly used in the study of periodontal diseases and immune-related oral diseases .

HY-W753904S

Pradofloxacin-d4
Pradofloxacin-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Pradofloxacin (HY-W753904). Pradofloxacin, a third-generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. Pradofloxacin can be used for the study of bacterial infections in the dog and cat, such as skin infections .

HY-128383S1

1-Methylpyrrolidine-d3
1-Methylpyrrolidine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled 1-Methylpyrrolidine (HY-128383). 1-Methylpyrrolidine is a methylated pyrrolidine, and cation with thermal-origin negative nonlinear optical (self-defocusing) properties .

HY-128383S

1-Methylpyrrolidine-d8
1-Methylpyrrolidine-d₈ is the deuterium labeled 1-Methylpyrrolidine (HY-128383). 1-Methylpyrrolidine is a methylated pyrrolidine, and cation with thermal-origin negative nonlinear optical (self-defocusing) properties .

HY-103586S2

GS-441524-d

GS-441524-d is the deuterium labeled GS-441524 (HY-103586). GS-441524 is a potent, orally active and CNS-penetrant viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor. GS-441524 competes with natural nucleosides to block viral RNA transcription as an alternative substrate and RNA chain terminator. GS-441524 inhibits the replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus, African swine fever virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. GS-441524 reduces viral RNA levels in cats. GS-441524 can be used in research related to feline infectious peritonitis, African swine fever, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) .

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