2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-101073
    Salermide
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Salermide is an inhibitor of Sirt1 and Sirt2; can cause strong cancer-specific apoptotic cell death.
    Salermide
  • HY-N2184
    Furanodienone
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Furanodienone is one of the major bioactive constituents derived from Rhizoma Curcumae. Furanodienone induced apoptosis.
    Furanodienone
  • HY-W762011
    BDE 47
    		Inducer 98.65%
    BDE 47 targets mitochondria, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis in embryonic cell. BDE 47 induces the generation of ROS, and activates the JNK signaling pathway. BDE 47 exhibits embryonic developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
    BDE 47
  • HY-146751
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2
    		Inducer 99.93%
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 is a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 possess anti-cancer effects and selectivity against MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 value of 2.29 μM. PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2 can induce cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
    PI3K/Akt/mTOR-IN-2
  • HY-N3266
    Methyl rosmarinate
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Methyl rosmarinate is an orally active hydroxycinnamic acid. Methyl rosmarinate exhibits an IC50 of 24.70 μM and a Ki of 15.29 μM against PTP1B, an IC50 of 41.46 μg/mL against BChE, a Ki of 0.61 mM against mushroom tyrosinase, and an IC50 of 2.50 μM against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Methyl rosmarinate downregulates the phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK, p38, Smad2 and Smad3. Methyl rosmarinate activates erythrocyte BPGM and promotes the production of 2,3-BPG. Methyl rosmarinate induces apoptosis of fibroblasts. Methyl rosmarinate prolongs the survival time of hypoxic mice. Methyl rosmarinate improves insulin sensitivity. Methyl rosmarinate binds to SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and inhibits viral replication. Methyl rosmarinate induces glioblastoma cell death. Methyl rosmarinate activates the TGR5/AMPK axis and reduces the levels of ROS and MDA. Methyl rosmarinate shows inhibitory activity against MMP-1. Methyl rosmarinate can be used in research related to pulmonary fibrosis, hypoxia-induced injury, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, hyperpigmentation disorders, COVID-19, glioblastoma and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
    Methyl rosmarinate
  • HY-139781
    PD-L1-IN-1
    		Inducer 98.01%
    PD-L1-IN-1 (Compound 10) is a potent PD-L1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 115 nM. PD-L1-IN-1 strongly binds with the PD-L1 protein and challenged it in a co-culture of PD-L1 expressing cancer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhanced antitumor immune activity of the latter. PD-L1-IN-1 significantly exhibits low cytotoxicity in healthy cells.
    PD-L1-IN-1
  • HY-103241
    Ro 90-7501
    		Inducer 98.50%
    Ro 90-7501 is an amyloid β42 (Aβ42) fibril assembly inhibitor that reduces Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity (EC50 of 2 μM). Ro 90-7501 inhibits ATM phosphorylation and DNA repair. RO 90-7501 selectively enhances toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) ligand-induced IFN-β gene expression and antiviral response. Ro 90-7501 also inhibits protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) in a TPR-dependent manner. Ro 90-7501 has significant radiosensitizing effects on cervical cancer cells.
    Ro 90-7501
  • HY-N0492S
    α-Lipoic Acid-d5
    		Inducer 98.11%
    α-Lipoic Acid-d5 is the deuterium labeled α-Lipoic Acid. α-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant, which is an essential cofactor of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. α-Lipoic Acid inhibits NF-κB-dependent HIV-1 LTR activation. α-Lipoic Acid induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in hepatoma cells.
    α-Lipoic Acid-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N2450
    Sulforaphene
    		Inducer 99.78%
    Sulforaphene, isolated from radish seeds, exhibits an ED50 against velvetleaf seedlings approximately 2 x 10-4 M. Sulforaphene promotes cancer cells apoptosis and inhibits migration via inhibiting EGFR, p-ERK1/2, NF‐κB and other signals.
    Sulforaphene
  • HY-N2334S
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) is a bile acid formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (Chenodeoxycholylglycine) induces hepatocyte apoptosis.
    Glycochenodeoxycholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-128423
    Tylvalosin tartrate
    		Inducer 98.77%
    Tylvalosin (Acetylisovaleryltylosin) tartrate is an orally active, broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity. Tylvalosin tartrate is an antiviral agent useful in studying PRRSV infection. Tylvalosin tartrate induces apoptosis. Tylvalosin tartrate also has anti-inflammatory activity, relieves oxidative stress, and alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
    Tylvalosin tartrate
  • HY-135699
    TD52
    		Inducer
    TD52, an Erlotinib (HY-50896) derivative, is an orally active, potent cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) inhibitor. TD52 mediates the apoptotic effect in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via regulating the CIP2A/PP2A/p-Akt signalling pathway. TD52 indirectly reduced CIP2A by disturbing Elk1 binding to the CIP2A promoter. TD52 has less p-EGFR inhibition and has potent anti-cancer activity. TD52 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    TD52
  • HY-B0367
    Lornoxicam
    		99.36%
    Lornoxicam (Chlortenoxicam) is an orally active oxycontin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anticancer activities. Lornoxicam exhibits good inhibitory effects on both COX-1 and COX-2 (COX-1: IC50=0.005 μM; COX-2:IC50=0.008 μM) and inhibits the production of NO by iNOS (IC50=65 μM) and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 (IC50=54 μM). Lornoxicam also inhibits tumor cell proliferation and migration and induces tumor cell apoptosis. Lornoxicam can be used in the study of inflammatory pain, colorectal cancer and breast cancer.
    Lornoxicam
  • HY-B2219R
    Stearic acid (Standard)
    Stearic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Stearic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Stearic acid is a long-chain dietary saturated fatty acid that can significantly reduce visceral fat by inducing apoptosis of preadipocytes. Stearic acid can be used in the study of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
    Stearic acid (Standard)
  • HY-N7844
    N6-Benzyladenosine
    		Inducer 99.72%
    N6-Benzyladenosine is an adenosine receptor agonist, has a cytoactive activity. N6-Benzyladenosine arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induces cell apoptosis. N6-Benzyladenosine also exerts inhibitory effect on T. gondii adenosine kinase and glioma-.
    N6-Benzyladenosine
  • HY-B0172S
    Lithocholic acid-d4
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Lithocholic acid-d4 is the deuterium labeled Lithocholic acid, which is a toxic secondary bile acid.
    Lithocholic acid-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-115581A
    Thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate tetrasodium
    		Inducer 98.75%
    Thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate (Deoxythymidine 3′,5′-diphosphate) tetrasodium is a selective inhibitor of staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1 (SND1, the MicroRNA regulatory complex RISC subunit) and [3,5-2H2] tyrosyl nuclease. Thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate tetrasodium has anti-tumor activity and can also be used as a catalyst in biochemical reactions.
    Thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate tetrasodium
  • HY-W009749C
    L-Cystathionine dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    L-Cystathionine (dihydrochloride) is a nonprotein thioether and is a key amino acid associated with the metabolic state of sulfur-containing amino acids. L-Cystathionine (dihydrochloride) protects against Homocysteine-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). L-Cystathionine (dihydrochloride) plays an important role in cardiovascular protection.
    L-Cystathionine dihydrochloride
  • HY-N1318
    Salvigenin
    		Inhibitor 99.93%
    Salvigenin is a natural polyphenolic compound, with neuroprotective effect. Salvigenin has antitumor cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties. Salvigenin inhibits H2O2-induced cell apoptosis.
    Salvigenin
  • HY-12636
    INCB3619
    		Inducer 99.46%
    INCB3619 is a selective and orally active ADAM inhibitor with IC50 of 22 nM and 14 nM for ADAM10 and ADAM17, respectively. INCB3619 has anti-tumor activity.
    INCB3619
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity