2. Disease Areas
  3. Neurological, Eye or Ear Disease
  4. Visual System Disease
  5. Glaucoma

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by retinal ganglion cell loss, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and optic disc cupping, leading to irreversible vision impairment and blindness. It is primarily driven by elevated intraocular pressure, aging, and genetic predisposition, with primary open-angle glaucoma being the most prevalent form in Western populations. Pathogenesis involves mechanical stress from increased intraocular pressure and vascular insufficiency, resulting in reduced ocular perfusion. Multiple interconnected mechanisms contribute to neuronal damage, including ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, metabolic stress, neurotrophin deficiency, and neuroinflammation. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and cellular senescence are key factors, especially in the aging retina, where dysregulation of para-inflammation—an adaptive response to tissue stress—may further exacerbate disease progression.

References:

Glaucoma (27):

Cat. No. Product Name CAS No. Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-P10227
    Xelafaslatide 2040964-58-5 99.88%
    Xelafaslatide (ONL-1204) is a Fas receptor antagonist. Xelafaslatide blocks the Fas receptor signaling pathway and inhibits downstream apoptosis and inflammatory pathways. Xelafaslatide suppresses neuroinflammation and microglial activation in glaucoma models, protects retinal ganglion cells and prevents axonal degeneration. Xelafaslatide is applicable to relevant research on glaucoma.
    Xelafaslatide
  • HY-107661
    Arundic Acid 185517-21-9 98.0%
    Arundic Acid is an orally effective astrocyte function modulator and neuroprotective agent. Arundic Acid increases the expression and function of the astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT1 by activating the ERK, Akt and NF-κB pathways. Arundic Acid attenuates retinal ganglion cell death in a normal-tension glaucoma model. Arundic Acid exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Arundic Acid is a S100β protein synthesis inhibitor that prevents neurological deficits and brain tissue damage after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Arundic Acid downregulates neuroinflammation and astrocytic dysfunction after status epilepticus in immature rats. Arundic Acid is applicable to research related to Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, glaucoma, intracerebral hemorrhage and epilepsy.
    Arundic Acid
  • HY-19518
    Latanoprostene bunod 860005-21-6 99.75%
    Latanoprostene bunod (NCX116; LBN) is a nitric oxide-releasing prostaglandin F2α analog. Latanoprostene bunod is a prodrug that, upon instillation into the eye, is hydrolyzed by corneal esterases into two active metabolites: Latanoprost (HY-B0577) and NO. Latanoprost activates the prostaglandin FP receptor to increase the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway. NO increases aqueous humor drainage through the trabecular meshwork pathway, achieving synergistic enhancement targeting the dual pathways of aqueous humor outflow. Latanoprostene bunod can be used in research related to open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
    Latanoprostene bunod
  • HY-B0298
    Clemastine 15686-51-8 99.26%
    Clemastine (HS-592; Meclastine) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable H1 histamine receptor (H1 histamine receptor) antagonist with potent antiallergic effects. Clemastine also antagonizes muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR), particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes. In addition to antihistamine effects, Clemastine exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, especially in promoting central nervous system remyelination, activating autophagy and pyroptosis, exerting anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects, and suppressing inflammation.
    Clemastine
  • HY-P10019
    Pegsebrenatide 2243292-26-2
    Pegsebrenatide (NLY01) is a blood-brain barrier-penetrant GLP-1R agonist. Pegsebrenatide alleviates retinal inflammation and neuronal death secondary to ocular hypertension. Pegsebrenatide significantly delays onset and reduces disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pegsebrenatide inhibits the formation of A1 reactive astrocytes in nerve cells and reduces the loss of retinal ganglion cells and dopaminergic neurons. Pegsebrenatide exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by directly preventing microglia-mediated conversion of astrocytes to the A1 neurotoxic phenotype. Pegsebrenatide can be used for research on glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
    Pegsebrenatide
  • HY-128538
    Sepetaprost 1262873-06-2
    Sepetaprost (ONO-9054) is a dual agonist of the prostaglandin E3 receptor and prostaglandin F receptor. Sepetaprost reduces intraocular pressure in animal models. Sepetaprost is applicable for research on ocular hypertension and open-angle glaucoma.
    Sepetaprost
  • HY-125444
    TH251 1622059-04-4
    TH251 is a LIMK1 and LIMK2 inhibitor with IC50s of 52 nM and 47 nM against LIMK1 and LIMK2, respectively. TH251 binds to inactive αC-out and DFG-out LIMK1 conformations, inhibits unphosphorylated LIMK1 and LIMK2 enzymatic activity, and exhibits unchanged potency despite PAK-mediated phosphorylation of either kinase. TH251 can be used for the research of cancers, glaucoma, and CNS diseases.
    TH251
  • HY-119236
    CP-432 431990-08-8
    CP-432 (CP-734432) is a EP4 receptor agonist with an IC50 of 2 nM for human sources, 8 nM for canine sources, and an EC50 of 1 nM for human sources. CP-432 stimulates cAMP production and activates β-lactamase (β-lactamase) activity via the cAMP response element signaling pathway. CP-432 is applicable to research related to glaucoma.
    CP-432
  • HY-119732
    KUNG94 2134571-29-0
    KUNG94 is a selective Grp94/HSP90B inhibitor (IC50=8 nM). By inhibiting the chaperone function of Grp94, KUNG94 reduces the maturation and cell surface trafficking of its specific client proteins. KUNG94 can be used for studies on Grp94-related biological mechanisms, as well as diseases including cancer and primary open-angle glaucoma.
    KUNG94
  • HY-185643
    PF-04475270 1201925-19-0
    PF-04475270 is a prodrug of CP-734432 (HY-119236), as well as an agonist of the EP4 prostaglandin receptor, with IC50 values of 2 nM and 8 nM against human and canine sources, respectively. PF-04475270 is rapidly hydrolyzed into its active metabolite CP-734432 by ocular esterases or corneal homogenate, stimulates cAMP production, and activates cAMP response element-mediated β-lactamase activity in cells expressing EP4. PF-04475270 can be used in research related to glaucoma.
    PF-04475270
  • HY-183283
    CAII-IN-15
    CAII-IN-15 is a potent carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) inhibitor with a hCA II IC50 of 10 nM. CAII-IN-15 elevates cGMP levels, releases nitric oxide, reduces oxidative stress, and exhibits neuroprotective activity in vitro. CAII-IN-15 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, reduces neuronal apoptosis. CAII-IN-15 reduces Intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. CAII-IN-15 can be used for the research of glaucoma.
    CAII-IN-15
  • HY-D3419
    Neuro-DiO 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate
    Neuro-DiO 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate is a hydrophobic C18 alkyl chain carbocyanine dye with green fluorescence, commonly used as a vascular marker, cell internalizer and deposition agent. Neuro-DiO 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate inserts its alkyl chain into the endothelial plasma membrane via liposome-mediated perfusion to achieve vascular labeling. Neuro-DiO chlorobenzenesulfonate can also stain the cell membrane and cytoplasm of cancer cells to assist in confocal microscopy observations. Neuro-DiO chlorobenzenesulfonate can be released from nanosponges and accumulate on the surface of mouse retina, then internalize into retinal ganglion cells, which is applicable to researches related to glaucoma and other diseases. It should be noted that during liposome-mediated vascular staining in mice, Neuro-DiO 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate may cause leakage of airway lavage fluid.
    Neuro-DiO 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate
  • HY-182635
    ICI 147798 83812-65-1
    ICI 147798 is an orally effective β-adrenoceptor antagonist with a pKB of 9.1 (in guinea pig right atrium) and 8.8 (in guinea pig trachea). ICI 147798 acts as a diuretic and intraocular pressure-lowering agent. ICI 147798 blocks β-adrenoceptors, inhibits isoproterenol-induced tachycardia and vasodepressor responses, exhibits slowly dissociating, insurmountable antagonism against β1-adrenoceptors, and shows surmountable competitive antagonism against β2-adrenoceptors. ICI 147798 induces natriuresis and kaliuresis, inhibits sodium transport, and reduces intraocular pressure.
    ICI 147798
  • HY-182473
    AL-6556 170552-18-8
    AL-6556 is a full agonist of the DP receptor and a partial agonist of the EP2 receptor. AL-6556 has an EC50 of 799 nM for bovine DP, a Ki of 3200 nM for human DP, and an EC50 of 1180 nM for human EP2, with selectivity over EP3, FP, IP, TP and 19 non-prostaglandin receptors. AL-6556 stimulates cAMP production via receptor activation and reduces intraocular pressure through aqueous humor inflow and outflow mechanisms. AL-6556 can be used in research related to ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
    AL-6556
  • HY-182426
    NCX-278 1202697-61-7
    NCX-278 is a human carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with a 13 nM Ki for hCA II, 410 nM Ki for hCA I, 181 nM Ki for hCA IV, and selective inhibition of hCA II over hCA IV. NCX-278 is a potent and effective stimulator of NO/sGC/cGMP signaling with an EC50 of 2.05 lM. NCX-278 exerts NO-mediated vascular relaxant effects. NCX-278 lowers intraocular pressure in normotensive rabbits. NCX-278 can be used for the research of open-angle glaucoma.
    NCX-278
  • HY-182472
    AL-38022A 478132-11-5
    AL-38022A is a potent and selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist (Ki ≤2.2 nM), but a significantly lower (>100-fold less) affinity for other 5-HT receptors. AL-38022A potently stimulates functional responses via 5-HT2 receptor subtypes including [Ca2+]i mobilization and tissue contractions with apparently similar potencies and intrinsic activities. AL-38022A fully generalizes to the (±)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy 4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOM) stimulus in drug discrimination paradigms. AL-38022A can be used for the glaucoma research.
    AL-38022A
  • HY-181237
    CAI-IN-6
    CAI-IN-6 (Compound 3F) is a carbonic anhydrase (CAI) inhibitor with a Ki of 902.1 nM against hCA I and a Ki of 86.1 nM against hCA II. CAI-IN-6 can be used for the research of diuresis, glaucoma, epilepsy, tumors, and other conditions.
    CAI-IN-6
  • HY-180916
    CAII-IN-11
    CAII-IN-11 (Compound A1) is a dual-target compound that contains a hCA II inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 2 nM) portion and a NO donor portion. CAII-IN-11 also has inhibitory activity against hCA IX, hCA XII, and hCA I, with IC50 values of 6, 3, and 152 nM respectively. CAII-IN-11 significantly increases the intracellular cGMP level in human trabecular meshwork cells. CAII-IN-11 reduces the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells by reducing oxidative stress (ROS levels), inhibiting astrocytes and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. CAII-IN-11 has hypotensive activity in rabbit models and can be used for the study of glaucoma.
    CAII-IN-11
  • HY-180195
    Grp94-IN-3
    Grp94-IN-3 (Compound 47) is a selective ATP competitive inhibitor of Grp94, with a Kd value of 76 nM. Grp94-IN-3 has a much lower affinity for Hsp90α, with a Kd value of 9.17 μM. Grp94-IN-3 induces the degradation of integrin α2 (Integrin α2) in MDA-MB-231 cells and reduces the intracellular accumulation of mutant cardiac proteins in human trabecular meshwork cells. Grp94-IN-3 can be used for the study of metastatic cancer and open-angle glaucoma.
    Grp94-IN-3
  • HY-179519
    Umbelopsisin A
    Umbelopsisin A is a GABAA and GABAB non-selective agonist. Umbelopsisin A activates the GABAergic pathway, including notch signaling and fatty acid metabolism. Umbelopsisin A shows dual neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro (reducing ROS and cell death) and in vivo. Umbelopsisin A can be used for the study of glaucoma and broader neurodegenerative disease applications.
    Umbelopsisin A