Nanoparticles
Nanomaterials with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm are generally referred to as nanocrystals. The preparation of platinum nanocrystals with controllable morphology was first reported in 1996. Pt, Ag, Au, Rh, and other nanocrystals have been synthesized using various methods. Platinum has a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, but unlike Ag, Au, and Pd, it rarely forms twins; most platinum nanocrystals are single-crystal structures. XFJ116 platinum nanoparticles were prepared via a chemical reduction method, exhibiting uniform size and good dispersibility, and can also provide platinum nanoparticles with amino and carboxyl terminator modifications.
Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are molecular-level aggregates consisting of a core of several to dozens of gold atoms, protected by organic monomers such as thiol compounds or proteins. GSH-AuNCs utilize glutathione (a thiol-containing tripeptide) as both a reducing agent and a protecting group, reacting chemically with gold atoms to form nanoclusters, representing a transitional state between metal atoms and metal nanoparticles. Due to size effects and the emergence of quantized energy levels, GSH-AuNCs possess unique optical properties, such as tunable fluorescence emission spectra. Their fluorescence emission wavelength can be tuned with variations in particle size and composition.
Reactive oxygen species responsive hydrogels are a novel class of smart hydrogels, formed by the cross-linking of ROS-responsive modules through covalent, coordination, or supramolecular interactions. Due to the introduction of these ROS-responsive modules, these hydrogels exhibit a sensitive response to the oxidative stress microenvironment present in organisms. PVA-TSPBA hydrogel is a hydrogel formed by the cross-linking polymerization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the reactive oxygen species-sensitive cross-linking agent N1-(4-benzyl borate)-N3-(4-phenyl borate)N1,N1,N3,N3-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TSPBA). This hydrogel consists of two parts: a boric acid precursor (TSPBA) and an aqueous solution of PVA. The boric acid bonds on TSPBA and the hydroxyl groups on PVA rapidly cross-link to form borate ester bonds, thus forming the hydrogel.
DMSA Coated Fe2O3 Nanoparticles (Carboxylated ferric oxide nanoparticles) are magnetic nanomaterials with carboxyl (-COOH) groups modified on their surface. These materials typically consist of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles as a core, with carboxyl functional groups introduced to the surface through chemical modification. The carboxylation of the nanoparticle surface increases its negative surface charge, contributing to improved solubility and stability in water. Carboxylated ferric oxide nanoparticles exhibit good biocompatibility, making them suitable for biomedical applications.
PEGylated iron oxide nanoparticles (amino-terminated) are prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis and modified with PEG-amino-terminated oleic acid-modified iron oxide. This modification transforms the nanoparticles from the oil phase to the aqueous phase, thereby broadening their application in the biological field.
Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, noble metal nanoparticles, represented by platinum, gold, silver, and palladium, have been extensively studied by many scientists. Palladium is a noble metal belonging to the platinum group elements. Its elemental form is a silvery-white transition metal, soft in texture and possessing good ductility and malleability. Palladium nanoparticles, due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties, have shown remarkable application potential in multiple fields. PEI surface modification of palladium nanoparticles can significantly improve their dispersibility, stability, and biocompatibility, and facilitate further coupling with other biomolecules or fluorescent molecules.
Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, noble metal nanoparticles, represented by platinum, gold, silver, and palladium, have been extensively studied by many scientists. Palladium is a noble metal belonging to the platinum group elements. Its elemental form is a silvery-white transition metal, soft in texture and possessing good ductility and malleability. Palladium nanoparticles, due to their unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties, have shown remarkable application potential in multiple fields. Surface modification of palladium nanoparticles with sodium citrate can significantly improve their dispersibility, stability, and biocompatibility, and facilitate further coupling with other biomolecules or fluorescent molecules.
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for the human body, playing a vital role in various physiological activities. In the body, selenium is bound to selenocysteine, an amino acid used to synthesize several selenoproteins. Selenium is often the active site of these proteins, playing a crucial role in maintaining intracellular redox balance. Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (CS-SeNPs) are nanomaterials using the biopolymer chitosan (CS) as a stabilizer. Through electrostatic interactions, chitosan coats the surface of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs), improving their dispersibility, stability, and biocompatibility. Se NPs themselves are characterized by low toxicity and high bioactivity, and the introduction of chitosan further enhances their functionality and application potential, making them widely recognized in biomedicine, food, and agriculture.
Silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) are ultrasmall nanoparticles composed of several to tens of silver atoms. Their size is close to the Fermi wavelength of electrons, thus exhibiting unique molecular-like properties, such as strong fluorescence. Silver nanoclusters possess small size, low toxicity, excellent photostability, large Stokes shift, and good biocompatibility. Lipoic acid (also known as octylsulfonic acid) acts as a ligand in the synthesis of silver nanoclusters, primarily playing a role in stabilizing and protecting the silver nanoclusters. The ligand binds to silver atoms through its specific chemical structure, forming a stable nanocluster structure and influencing the physicochemical properties of the clusters, such as fluorescence performance, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. This demonstrates potential application value in various fields such as chemical analysis, biosensing, catalysis, medicine, and bioimaging.
Decitabine-Cisplatin Liposome is a delivery system that encapsulates Decitabine (HY-A0004) and Cisplatin (HY-17394) within tiny liposomes. The liposomes act as a protective layer, enhancing the absorption and bioavailability of both Decitabine and Cisplatin. The combination of Decitabine and Cisplatin synergistically induces Sox2 DNA demethylation and promotes Sox2 gene expression, making it a useful tool for gastric cancer research.
