BGLAP Protein, Mouse (His-SUMO)

The BGLAP protein, in its carboxylated form, stands as a major organic constituent within the bone matrix, representing 1-2% of the total bone protein. In this carboxylated state, it serves as a negative regulator of bone formation, crucial for limiting bone formation while preserving the processes of bone resorption and mineralization. Notably, the carboxylated form exhibits strong binding affinity to apatite and calcium. Conversely, the uncarboxylated form functions as a hormone secreted by osteoblasts, exerting regulatory influence over diverse cellular processes. This includes its role in energy metabolism, where it acts as a hormone promoting pancreatic beta-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure. Moreover, the uncarboxylated osteocalcin hormone functions as a key player in male fertility by promoting testosterone production in the testes through its interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A. Additionally, it acts as a regulator of brain development, crossing the blood-brain barrier to initiate signaling responses that prevent neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, stimulate the synthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters, and inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis. Importantly, maternal osteocalcin, which crosses the placenta during pregnancy, plays a crucial role in fetal brain development.