Dectin-1/CD369 Ligand

Curdlan is a polysaccharide found in bacteria, consisting of a glucose homopolymer with β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. Curdlan can be recognized by Dectin-1 (a C-type lectin receptor), inducing immune responses in tissue mast cells and enhancing dendritic cell effects in tumor immunity. Curdlan holds potential for research in cancer and immune-inflammatory diseases.

Laminaran is an β-1-3-glucan and a typical ligand for Dectin-1 from Eisenia Bicyclis, has potent immunomodulating, radioprotective, and anticancer activities. Laminaran is made up of β (1→3)-glucan with β (1→6)-branches and can be catalyzed by enzymes such as laminarinase (EC 3.2.1.6) that breaks the β (1→3) bonds. Laminaran is a promising immune stimulatory molecule for use in cancer immunotherapy.

β-D-glucan is a natural non-digestible polysaccharide and high biocompatibility that can be selectively recognized by recognition receptors such as Dectin-1 and Toll-like receptors as well as being easily internalized by murine or human macrophages, which is likely to attribute to a target delivery. β-d-glucan is an enteric delivery vehicle for probiotics.

Zymosan (ZM), 95% is a yeast cell wall-derived carbohydrate-rich preparation and immunomodulator. Zymosan (ZM), 95% binds to and activates TLR-2, TLR-4, and Dectin-1 receptor to trigger downstream signaling pathways. Zymosan (ZM), 95% upregulates TLR-2, TLR-4, and TNF-α mRNA expression, increases serum TNF-α levels, and stimulates splenocyte number and viability in mice. Zymosan (ZM), 95% attenuates melanoma growth progression, modulates macrophage marker gene expression, and mediates phagocytosis, ROS generation, and cytokine production. Zymosan (ZM), 95% reduces Connexin 43 protein and mRNA levels, inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication, and induces proinflammatory factor production in human corneal cells. Zymosan (ZM), 95% induces peritoneal inflammation in mice, functions as a drug carrier, and supports fibroblast cell attachment in hydrogel formulations. Zymosan (ZM), 95% can be used for the research of melanoma, tumors, fungal keratitis, ocular surface inflammatory disorders, and peritoneal inflammation.

Schizophyllan (SPG) is an orally active extracellular β-glucan produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune. Schizophyllan improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic liver injury by activating the SIRT3 pathway. Schizophyllan inhibits osteoclastogenesis and promotes osteoblast differentiation by suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK/p38, as well as downregulating PGC1β/PPARγ, c-Fos and NFATc1. Recognized via Dectin-1, schizophyllan enables precise delivery of oligonucleotide drugs and antigens to antigen-presenting cells, thus holding great potential in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and vaccine development.