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HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)

2 Cited Publications
Customer Review

Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

The multifunctional and redox-sensitive HMGB1/HMG-1 protein plays multiple roles in cellular compartments. In the nucleus, it serves as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in key processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived HMGB1/HMG-1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with C-6*His labeled tag.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
  • Species: Human
  • Source: E. coli
  • Storage:
    Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) Product Image
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  • Biological Activity
  • Technical Parameters
  • Product Properties
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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Biological Activity

Description

The multifunctional and redox-sensitive HMGB1/HMG-1 protein plays multiple roles in cellular compartments. In the nucleus, it serves as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in key processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) is the recombinant human-derived HMGB1/HMG-1 protein, expressed by E. coli , with C-6*His labeled tag.

Background

HMGB1/HMG-1, a multifunctional redox-sensitive protein, exhibits diverse roles across different cellular compartments. Within the nucleus, it stands as a major chromatin-associated non-histone protein, functioning as a DNA chaperone involved in crucial processes such as replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair, and genome stability. Proposed as a universal biosensor for nucleic acids, HMGB1/HMG-1 plays a pivotal role in promoting the host inflammatory response to both sterile and infectious signals, coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm, it serves as a sensor and/or chaperone for immunogenic nucleic acids, activating TLR9-mediated immune responses and mediating autophagy. Released to the extracellular environment, HMGB1/HMG-1 engages with various molecules such as DNA, nucleosomes, IL-1 beta, CXCL12, AGER isoform 2/sRAGE, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), activating cells through multiple surface receptors. The extracellular HMGB1 exists in different redox states, with fully reduced HMGB1 acting as a chemokine, disulfide HMGB1 as a cytokine, and sulfonyl HMGB1 promoting immunological tolerance. Beyond its immunomodulatory roles, HMGB1/HMG-1 is implicated in proangiogenic activity, platelet activation, neuronal outgrowth signaling via RAGE, and potential involvement in the accumulation of expanded polyglutamine proteins. Its nuclear functions, attributed to fully reduced HMGB1, include association with chromatin, DNA bending, and enhancement of DNA flexibility through looping, facilitating various gene promoter activities. Additionally, HMGB1/HMG-1 may play roles in nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, base excision repair, double-strand break repair, V(D)J recombination, displacement of histone H1, restructuring nucleosomes, enhancing transcription factor binding, and modulating the telomerase complex. The intricate functions of HMGB1/HMG-1 highlight its significance in diverse cellular processes.

Verified Bioactivity

Measured by its ability to induce TNF-alpha secretion by RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage cells. The ED50 for this effect is 1.5-5.0 μg/mL.

MCE Validation Data

  • Purity - SDS-PAGE

    Purity - SDS-PAGE

    ≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

  • Bioactivity - Cell-Based Assay

    Bioactivity - Cell-Based Assay

    Measured by its ability to induce TNF-alpha secretion by RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage cells.The ED50 for this effect is 1.812 μg/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is 5.52×10^2 U/mg.

Technical Parameters

  • Species Human
  • Source E. coli
  • Tag C-6*His
  • Accession

    P09429 (M1-E215)

  • Gene ID
    3146  [NCBI]
  • Molecular Construction
    • N-term
    • P09429 HMGB1 (M1-E215)
      Accession #
    • 6*His
    • C-term
  • Protein Length

    Full Length

  • Synonyms

    HMGB1; Sulfoglucuronyl Carbohydrate Binding Protein; Prev. HMG1; Amphoterin; High Mobility Group Protein B1; HMG-1; High Mobility Group Protein 1; Nuclear Dot-Associated Sp100 Protein; SBP-1; Nuclear Autoantigen Sp-100; HMG3; High-Mobility Group Box 1; Hi

  • AA Sequence

    MGKGDPKKPRGKMSSYAFFVQTCREEHKKKHPDASVNFSEFSKKCSERWKTMSAKEKGKFEDMAKADKARYEREMKTYIPPKGETKKKFKDPNAPKRPPSAFFLFCSEYRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTAADDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYRAKGKPDAAKKGVVKAEKSKKKKEEEEDEEDEEDEEEEEDEEDEDEEEDDDDE

  • Molecular Weight

    Approximately 26 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.

  • Purity

    ≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Product Properties

Appearance

Lyophilized powder

Formulation

1.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 20 mM PB, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.
2.Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of PBS, pH 7.4, 8% trehalose.
Please refer to the lot-specific COA for specific buffer information.

Endotoxin Level

<1 EU/μg; determined by LAL method.

Reconstitution

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH2O. For long term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, 10% FBS or 5% Trehalose).

Storage & Stability

Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Calculators

Reconstitution Calculator

Volume (to add to vial) = Mass (in vial) ÷ Desired Reconstitution Concentration

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Dilution Calculator

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The Specific Activity Calculator Equation
  • Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
  • Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
Unit/mg
= 106 ÷
Biological Activity (ED50) Biological Activity (ED50)
106 ÷
ng/mL
MOQ
Minimum order quantity
100 mg

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Measured by its ability to inhibit anti-CD3-induced proliferation of stimulated CTLL-2 mouse cytotoxic T cells. The ED50 this effect is 0.8023 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity is 1246.42 units/mg.

Assay Types
  • 1/16

    MedChemExpress Validation
     ≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

  • 1/16

    MedChemExpress Validation
     Measured by its ability to induce TNF-alpha secretion by RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage cells.The ED50 for this effect is 1.812 μg/mL, corresponding to a specific activity is 5.52×10^2 U/mg.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Luciferase reporter assays showed that HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression activated the BECN1 promoter in hNEpiC cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that HMGB1 transcriptionally regulates BECN1 expression.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Representative Western blots and quantitative analysis of autophagy markers. HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression promoted autophagy, evidenced by an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and elevated levels of BECN1 and ATG5 alongside reduced p62 levels; conversely, BECN1 knockdown reversed these effects, confirming the critical role of BECN1 in HMGB1-mediated autophagy.

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Immunofluorescence analysis of LC3B puncta formation (green). HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression enhanced LC3B puncta formation, indicating increased autophagosome accumulation, whereas BECN1 knockdown inhibited this accumulation. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

  • 1/16

    HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Dec 5:335:118612. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     SPR analysis of the binding affinity between ESA and HMGB1 protein.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) Product Image
    1/16
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His)
  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) Product Image

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Luciferase reporter assays showed that HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression activated the BECN1 promoter in hNEpiC cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that HMGB1 transcriptionally regulates BECN1 expression.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Representative Western blots and quantitative analysis of autophagy markers. HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression promoted autophagy, evidenced by an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and elevated levels of BECN1 and ATG5 alongside reduced p62 levels; conversely, BECN1 knockdown reversed these effects, confirming the critical role of BECN1 in HMGB1-mediated autophagy.

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Biophys Rep. 2025 Nov 11:44:102351. [Abstract]

    Immunofluorescence analysis of LC3B puncta formation (green). HMGB1 (2 μg/mL) overexpression enhanced LC3B puncta formation, indicating increased autophagosome accumulation, whereas BECN1 knockdown inhibited this accumulation. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).

  • HMGB1/HMG-1 Protein, Human (His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Dec 5:335:118612. [Abstract]

    SPR analysis of the binding affinity between ESA and HMGB1 protein.