Search Result

Results for "

AMPK Activator

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	AMPK (278) 11β-HSD (3) Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (9) Acyltransferase (1) Adenosine Receptor (2) Adiponectin Receptor (1) Adrenergic Receptor (4) Akt (40) Amylases (1) Amyloid-β (3) Androgen Receptor (1) Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) (1) Annexin A (1) AP-1 (2) Apoptosis (87) Atg8/LC3 (1) ATP Citrate Lyase (6) ATP Synthase (1) Autophagy (71) Bacterial (23) Bcl-2 Family (7) Beclin1 (2) Biochemical Assay Reagents (4) c-Myc (1) Calcium Channel (7) Calmodulin (1) CaMK (4) Cannabinoid Receptor (1) Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (1) Casein Kinase (2) Caspase (19) Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) (1) Chloride Channel (6) Cholinesterase (ChE) (2) Collagen (1) COX (12) Cytochrome P450 (1) Dengue Virus (1) Dipeptidyl Peptidase (1) DNA Methyltransferase (1) DNA/RNA Synthesis (3) DOCK (3) Dopamine Receptor (1) Drug Derivative (5) Drug Metabolite (4) E1/E2/E3 Enzyme (1) EGFR (2) Endogenous Metabolite (28) Enolase (1) Environmental Pollutants (5) Ephrin Receptor (2) Epigenetic Reader Domain (3) Epoxide Hydrolase (2) ERK (12) FABP (1) FAK (1) FASTK (2) Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) (1) Ferroptosis (10) Fluorescent Dye (1) FOXO (3) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (1) Fungal (10) FXR (1) GHSR (1) Glucocorticoid Receptor (1) GLUT (7) Glycosidase (1) GSK-3 (5) HDAC (4) HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase (6) Hippo (MST) (1) Histone Demethylase (1) HSP (3) HSV (2) IAP (1) IFNAR (1) IKK (3) Insecticide (1) Insulin Receptor (1) Interleukin Related (19) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (21) JAK (9) JNK (17) Keap1-Nrf2 (17) Lactate Dehydrogenase (1) Lipase (1) MAPKAPK2 (MK2) (1) MARK (2) MDM-2/p53 (6) MEK (2) Melanocortin Receptor (1) Microtubule/Tubulin (1) Mitochondrial Metabolism (16) Mitophagy (13) MMP (8) Monoamine Oxidase (1) mTOR (36) MyD88 (1) NAMPT (2) NF-κB (48) NO Synthase (7) NOD-like Receptor (NLR) (11) Notch (1) Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) (5) Nuclear Hormone Receptor 4A/NR4A (1) Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog (4) Organoid (3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (3) P2Y Receptor (2) p38 MAPK (30) Parasite (18) PARP (6) PDGFR (1) PEPCK (1) PERK (5) PGC-1α (1) Phosphatase (2) PI3K (23) PINK1/Parkin (3) PKA (5) PKC (7) Platelet-activating Factor Receptor (PAFR) (1) Potassium Channel (5) PPAR (26) Pyroptosis (5) Quinone Reductase (1) Ras (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (36) Reference Standards (55) Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) (3) ROCK (2) Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) (3) SARS-CoV (5) Ser/Thr Kinase (1) Sirtuin (22) SOD (4) Src (1) STAT (19) STING (2) Survivin (2) TGF-beta/Smad (5) TGF-β Receptor (4) TNF Receptor (12) Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (4) Topoisomerase (1) TRP Channel (2) Tyrosinase (3) VEGFR (9) Virus Protease (3) Wnt (5) YAP (5) α-synuclein (1) β-catenin (2)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (148) Cardiovascular Disease (58) Endocrinology (9) Infection (46) Inflammation/Immunology (96) Metabolic Disease (181) Neurological Disease (82)
Oligonucleotides:	Nucleoside Analogs (2) Cholesterol (1)

328

Inhibitors & Agonists

Fluorescent Dyes

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Peptides

125

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Oligonucleotides

Targets Recommended: AMPK

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-13417

AICAR Maximum Cited Publications 215 Publications Verification Acadesine; AICA Riboside	AMPK Autophagy YAP Mitophagy Endogenous Metabolite	Cancer
AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity .

HY-50662

A-769662 40+ Cited Publications	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
A-769662 is a AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator. A-769662 inhibits the function of the 26S proteasome by an AMPK-independent mechanism and leads to cell cycle arrest. A-769662 directly stimulates partially purified rat liver AMPK (EC₅₀ = 0.8 μM) and inhibits fatty acid synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes (IC₅₀ = 3.2 μM). A-769662 can alleviate the symptoms of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes .

HY-111363

MK8722 20+ Cited Publications	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
MK8722 is a potent and systemic *pan-AMPK* activator.

HY-12357

Bempedoic acid 20+ Cited Publications ETC-1002; ESP-55016	ATP Citrate Lyase AMPK	Metabolic Disease
Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is an ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor . Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) activates *AMPK* .

HY-103683

PF-06409577 1 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
PF-06409577 is a potent and selective allosteric activator of *AMPK* α1β1γ1 isoform with an EC₅₀ of 7 nM.

HY-13417A

AICAR phosphate Maximum Cited Publications 215 Publications Verification Acadesine phosphate; AICA Riboside phosphate	AMPK Autophagy YAP Mitophagy Endogenous Metabolite	Cancer
AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR phosphate regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR phosphate is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor .

HY-N1411

Platycodin D 5+ Cited Publications	AMPK Wnt	Metabolic Disease
Platycodin D is a saponin isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus, acts as an activator of AMPKα, with anti-obesity property. WNT/β-catenin pathway mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of platycodin D .

HY-112233

O-304 5 Publications Verification	AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
O-304 is a first-in-class, orally available pan-AMPK activator, which increases AMPK activity by suppressing the dephosphorylation of pAMPK. O-304 exhibits a great potential as a agent to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated cardiovascular complications .

HY-100548

GSK621 5+ Cited Publications	AMPK Autophagy Apoptosis	Cancer
GSK621 is a specific *AMPK* activator, with IC₅₀ values of 13-30 μM for AML cells. GSK621 induces autophagy and apoptosis. GSK621 induces eiF2α phosphorylation-a hallmark of UPR activation .

HY-110228

Metformin-d6 hydrochloride 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d6 hydrochloride	Isotope-Labeled Compounds AMPK Autophagy Mitophagy Apoptosis mTOR	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Metformin-d₆ hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to *AMPK* activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating *AMPK* and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-B0923

Danthron 4 Publications Verification Dantron; Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone	AMPK Autophagy Bacterial Virus Protease	Cancer
Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating *AMPK*.

HY-N0671

Rhapontin 2 Publications Verification Rhaponiticin	Apoptosis	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Rhapontin (Rhaponiticin) is an orally aactive SIRT1 agonist and *AMPK* activator with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Rhapontin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by activating SIRT1 and inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling via the AMPK pathway. Rhapontin reduces intestinal and lung inflammation, inhibits fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, and enhances tight junction protein expression to repair epithelial barriers. Rhapontin can be used in the study of inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis) and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-148189

Aldometanib 5+ Cited Publications LXY-05-029	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase AMPK	Metabolic Disease
Aldometanib (LXY-05-029) is an orally active aldolase inhibitor. Aldometanib can activate lysosomal adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and decreases blood glucose. Aldometanib can be used for the research of metabolic homeostasis .

HY-117755

PF-739	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
PF-739 is an orally active and non-selective activator of *AMPK. PF-739 activates* 12 heterotrimeric AMPK complexes and significantly reduces the level of glucose in plasma complexes .

HY-B1104

Indoprofen (±)-Indoprofe	Akt AMPK NF-κB p38 MAPK	Inflammation/Immunology
Indoprofen ((±)-Indoprofe) activates *AKT-AMPK* signaling pathway, inhibits NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Indoprofen exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Indoprofen is orally active .

HY-120877

MRT199665	MARK Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) AMPK Apoptosis	Cancer
MRT199665 is a potent and ATP-competitive, selective *MARK/SIK/AMPK* inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 2/2/3/2 nM, 10/10 nM, and 110/12/43 nM for MARK1/MARK2/MARK3/MARK14, AMPKα1/AMPKα2, and SIK1/SIK2/SIK3, respectively . MRT199665 causes apoptosis in MEF2C-activated human acute myeloid leukemias (AML) cells . MRT199665 inhibits the phosphorylation of SIK substrate CRTC3 at S370 .

HY-107988

MK-3903 3 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
MK-3903 is a potent and selective *AMP-activated* protein kinase** (AMPK) activator with an EC₅₀ of 8 nM.

HY-N2312

Mogrol 2 Publications Verification	ERK STAT	Cancer
Mogrol is a biometabolite of mogrosides, and acts via inhibition of the ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways, or reducing CREB activation and activating *AMPK* signaling.

HY-136093A

Lixumistat acetate 1 Publications Verification IM156; HL156A; HL271 acetate	Mitochondrial Metabolism AMPK	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lixumistat (IM156) acetate is a potent and orally active *AMPK* activator and OXPHOS inhibitor. Lixumistat acetate strongly activates AMPK, while it lacks the systemic metabolic regulatory effects of classic metformin, such as hypoglycemic and weight-lowering activities. Lixumistat acetate exhibits significant therapeutic effects on cognitive decline associated with brain aging and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-15840

YLF-466D 2 Publications Verification C24	AMPK	Cancer
YLF-466D is a newly developed *AMPK* activator, which inhibits platelet aggregation.

HY-N6258

Kahweol 1 Publications Verification	AMPK Apoptosis	Metabolic Disease Cancer
Kahweol is one of the consituents of the coffee from Coffea Arabica with anti-inflammatory anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancerous activities. Kahweol inhibits adipogenesis and increase glucose uptake by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Kahweol induces apoptosis.

HY-12808

STF-118804 2 Publications Verification	NAMPT AMPK mTOR	Cancer
STF-118804 is a highly specific NAMPT inhibitor. STF-118804 activates *AMPK* and inhibits mTOR pathways. STF-118804 has antitumor activity against pancreatic cancer .

HY-131334

AMPK activator 4	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AMPK activator 4 is a potent *AMPK* activator without inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. AMPK activator 4 selectively activates AMPK in the muscle tissues. AMPK activator 4 dose-dependently improves glucose tolerance in normal mice, and significantly lowers fasting blood glucose level and ameliorates insulin resistance in db/db diabetic mice. Anti-hyperglycemic effect .

HY-12831

Ampkinone 3 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
Ampkinone is an indirect AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator.

HY-16708A

ZLN024 hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
ZLN024 hydrochloride is an *AMPK* allosteric activator. ZLN024 directly activates recombinant AMPK α1β1γ1, AMPK α2β1γ1, AMPK α1β2γ1 and AMPK α2β2γ1 heterotrimer with EC₅₀s of 0.42 µM, 0.95 µM, 1.1 µM and 0.13 µM, respectively.

HY-121006

Biguanide	Mitochondrial Metabolism AMPK Insulin Receptor	Metabolic Disease Cancer
Biguanide is an orally active antihyperglycemic agent. Biguanide inhibits mitochondrial ATP production, activates the *LKB1-AMPK* signaling pathway, and damages the energy homeostasis. Biguanide enhances insulin-receptor activation and downstream signaling. Biguanide exhibits potential in ameliorating the type 2 diabetes and the insulin-associated cancers.

HY-N6971

Cimiracemoside C Cimicifugoside M	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
Cimiracemoside C is an active component of Cimicifuga racemosa, activates *AMPK*, has the potential activity against diabetes .

HY-103238

RSVA405 1 Publications Verification	AMPK STAT Autophagy	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
RSVA405 is a potent, orally active activator of *AMPK, with an EC₅₀* of 1 μM. RSVA405 facilitates CaMKKβ-dependent activation of AMPK, inhibits mTOR, and promotes autophagy to increase Aβ degradation. RSVA405 has anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of STAT3 function. RSVA405 can also be used for the research of obesity .

HY-117623

PF-06685249 PF-249	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
PF-06685249 (PF-249) is a potent and orally active allosteric *AMPK* activator with an EC₅₀ of 12 nM for recombinant AMPK α1β1γ1. PF-06685249 improves renal function in ZSF-1 rats with diabetic nephropathy. PF-06685249 can be used for diabetic nephropathy research .

HY-136447

ASP4132 1 Publications Verification	AMPK	Cancer
ASP4132 is an orally active, potent *AMPK* activator with an EC₅₀ of 18 nM. ASP4132 has anti-cancer activity and makes tumor regression in breast cancer xenograft mouse models .

HY-N10093

Chamaejasmine Chamaejasmin	Apoptosis AMPK Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Cancer
Chamaejasmine is a biflavonoid that can be isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. Chamaejasmine has antitumor activity. Chamaejasmine induces cell apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production, and activates the activity of *AMPK/mTOR* signal pathway .

HY-A0144A

Etilefrine hydrochloride	Adrenergic Receptor AMPK Akt	Cardiovascular Disease
Etilefrine hydrochloride is a sympathetic nerve agonist and AMPK activator that selectively targets α1/β1 adrenergic receptors. Etilefrine hydrochloride stimulates α1 adrenergic receptors, leading to contraction of vascular smooth muscle and increased peripheral resistance. Etilefrine hydrochloride also stimulates β1 receptors to enhance myocardial contractility and increase heart rate, thereby increasing blood pressure and improving cardiac output. Etilefrine hydrochloride also bidirectionally regulates the *AMPK/Akt* pathway and modulates the phosphorylation levels. Etilefrine hydrochloride can be used in cardiovascular research, such as postural hypotension, chylothorax, and improving low cardiac output .

HY-A0144

Etilefrine	Adrenergic Receptor AMPK Akt	Cardiovascular Disease
Etilefrine is a sympathetic nerve agonist and AMPK activator that selectively targets α1/β1 adrenergic receptors. Etilefrine stimulates α1 adrenergic receptors, leading to contraction of vascular smooth muscle and increased peripheral resistance. Etilefrine also stimulates β1 receptors to enhance myocardial contractility and increase heart rate, thereby increasing blood pressure and improving cardiac output. Etilefrine also bidirectionally regulates the *AMPK/Akt* pathway and modulates the phosphorylation levels. Etilefrine can be used in cardiovascular research, such as postural hypotension, chylothorax, and improving low cardiac output .

HY-155363

AMPK activator 13	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AMPK activator 13 is a potent activator of *AMPK. AMPK* activator 13 inhibits mitotic clonal expansion of 3T3-L1 cells by activating AMPK pathway and enhances cell mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. AMPK activator 13 can be used in study obesity .

HY-149406

AMPK activator 12	AMPK	Cancer
AMPK activator 12 (compound 21) is a potent *AMPK* activator and GDF15 inducer. AMPK activator 12 increases GDF15 protein levels in human hepatic cells .

HY-N6631

7-Methoxyisoflavone 4 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease Cancer
7-Methoxyisoflavone is an isoflavone derivative and also an activator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).

HY-P0136

SAMS 2 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
SAMS peptide is a specific substrate for the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).

HY-136093B

Lixumistat 1 Publications Verification IM156 free base; HL156A free base; HL271 free base	Mitochondrial Metabolism AMPK	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Lixumistat (IM156 free base) is a potent and orally active *AMPK* activator and OXPHOS inhibitor. Lixumistat strongly activates AMPK, while it lacks the systemic metabolic regulatory effects of classic metformin, such as hypoglycemic and weight-lowering activities. Lixumistat exhibits significant therapeutic effects on cognitive decline associated with brain aging and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-130479

AdipoR agonist 1	Adiponectin Receptor PPAR PGC-1α Sirtuin AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AdipoR agonist 1 (Compound 112254) is an agonist for adiponectin receptor (AdipoR), which activates the transcriptional regulators like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and adenylate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AdipoR agonist 1 is utilized in preventive doping research .

HY-103239

PT1	AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
PT1 is an AMPKα1 activator that directly activates the inactive truncated forms of AMPKα1 monomers .

HY-136093

Lixumistat hydrochloride 1 Publications Verification HL271; IM156 hydrochloride; HL156A hydrochloride	Mitochondrial Metabolism AMPK	Neurological Disease
Lixumistat (IM156) hydrochloride is a potent and orally active *AMPK* activator and OXPHOS inhibitor. Lixumistat hydrochloride strongly activates AMPK, while it lacks the systemic metabolic regulatory effects of classic metformin, such as hypoglycemic and weight-lowering activities. Lixumistat hydrochloride exhibits significant therapeutic effects on cognitive decline associated with brain aging and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-N3425

Kazinol U	AMPK	Others
Kazinol U inhibits melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase-related proteins via AMPK activation .

HY-P1576A

AMARA peptide TFA	Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) AMPK	Others
AMARA peptide (TFA) is a substrate for salt-inducible kinase (SIK) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK).

HY-130723A

AMPK activator 2 hydrochloride	AMPK	Cancer
AMPK activator 2 (compound 7a) hydrochloride, a fluorine-containing proguanil derivative, up-regulates *AMPK* signal pathway and downregulates mTOR/4EBP1/p70S6K. AMPK activator 2 hydrochloride inhibits proliferation and migration of human cancer cell lines (UMUC3, T24, A549) .

HY-N0671R

Rhapontin (Standard) 2 Publications Verification Rhaponiticin (Standard)	Reference Standards Apoptosis	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Rhapontin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Rhapontin (HY-N0671). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Rhapontin (Rhaponiticin) is an orally aactive SIRT1 agonist and *AMPK* activator with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Rhapontin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by activating SIRT1 and inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling via the AMPK pathway. Rhapontin reduces intestinal and lung inflammation, inhibits fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, and enhances tight junction protein expression to repair epithelial barriers. Rhapontin can be used in the study of inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis) and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-148684

AMPK activator 10	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AMPK activator 10 is an orally active, potent *AMPK* activator with EC₁₅₀ of 44.3 nM by cell-ELISA. AMPK activator 10 increases the phosphorylation levels of ACC. AMPK activator 10 exhibits a glucose lowering effect .

HY-16708

ZLN024	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
ZLN024 is an *AMPK* allosteric activator. ZLN024 directly activates recombinant AMPK α1β1γ1, AMPK α2β1γ1, AMPK α1β2γ1 and AMPK α2β2γ1 heterotrimer with EC₅₀s of 0.42 µM, 0.95 µM, 1.1 µM and 0.13 µM, respectively.

HY-120904

AMPK-IN-1	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AMPK-IN-1 is an activator of *AMPK* (EC₅₀: 551 nM for isoform α2β2γ1). AMPK-IN-1 leads to eEF2 phosphorylation in a mTORC1-independent way .

HY-U00292

AMPK activator 1	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
AMPK activator 1 is an *AMPK* activator extracted from patent WO2013116491A1, compound No.1-75, has an EC₅₀ of <0.1μM.

HY-124822

COH-SR4 2 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease Cancer
COH-SR4 is an *AMPK* activator. COH-SR4 shows potent anti-proliferative activities against leukemia, melanoma, breast and lung cancers. COH-SR4 inhibits adipocyte differentiation via AMPK activation. COH-SR4 can be used for the research of obesity and related metabolic disorders .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-Y1325H

Sodium acetate trihydrate, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC E262, ≤0.00002% Al

4 Publications Verification

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Sodium acetate trihydrate is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Sodium acetate trihydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Sodium acetate trihydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Sodium acetate trihydrate regulates energy metabolism. Sodium acetate trihydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Sodium acetate trihydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain .

HY-Y0319G

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate regulates energy metabolism. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain .

HY-W011012

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium

Maximum Cited Publications

18 Publications Verification

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is an orally active purine nucleotide, and participates in ATP metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is also a ligand for adenosine 2B receptor. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can activate AMPK in skeletal muscle, and ameliorates insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used for research of diabetes .

HY-W338584

Hydroxycitric acid tripotassium

1 Publications Verification

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Tripotassium hydroxycitrate is an orally active, multi-target, multi-bioactive organic acid. Tripotassium hydroxycitrate activates Nrf2 and its downstream molecule GPX4, increases glutathione levels, and thereby inhibits ferroptosis. Tripotassium hydroxycitrate activates the Nrf2/Keap1 and ACLY/NF-κB signaling pathways, upregulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, reduces MDA content, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, and improves pulmonary vascular and right ventricular remodeling. Tripotassium hydroxycitrate activates both the AMPK and mTORC1/S6K pathways, triggers the unfolded protein response, arrests the cancer cell cycle, and induces DNA fragmentation .

HY-A0144A

Etilefrine hydrochloride

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Etilefrine hydrochloride is a sympathetic nerve agonist and AMPK activator that selectively targets α1/β1 adrenergic receptors. Etilefrine hydrochloride stimulates α1 adrenergic receptors, leading to contraction of vascular smooth muscle and increased peripheral resistance. Etilefrine hydrochloride also stimulates β1 receptors to enhance myocardial contractility and increase heart rate, thereby increasing blood pressure and improving cardiac output. Etilefrine hydrochloride also bidirectionally regulates the AMPK/Akt pathway and modulates the phosphorylation levels. Etilefrine hydrochloride can be used in cardiovascular research, such as postural hypotension, chylothorax, and improving low cardiac output .

HY-Y0319D

Acetic acid lead

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Acetic acid lead is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Acetic acid lead exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Acetic acid lead regulates energy metabolism. Acetic acid lead has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Acetic acid lead induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Acetic acid lead can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain .

HY-137782

Palmitoleoyl-CoA	Biochemical Assay Reagents
Palmitoleoyl-CoA can be activated and transported into the mitochondria for metabolism, specifically for β-oxidation. Palmitoleoyl-CoA induces the cardiac mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, which causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Palmitoleoyl-CoA regulates metabolism via allosteric control of AMPK β1-isoforms .

HY-Y0319G1

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology regulates energy metabolism. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate, for molecular biology can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain .

HY-A0144AR

Etilefrine hydrochloride (Standard)

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Etilefrine hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Etilefrine hydrochloride (HY-A0144A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Etilefrine hydrochloride is a sympathetic nerve agonist and AMPK activator that selectively targets α1/β1 adrenergic receptors. Etilefrine hydrochloride stimulates α1 adrenergic receptors, leading to contraction of vascular smooth muscle and increased peripheral resistance. Etilefrine hydrochloride also stimulates β1 receptors to enhance myocardial contractility and increase heart rate, thereby increasing blood pressure and improving cardiac output. Etilefrine hydrochloride also bidirectionally regulates the AMPK/Akt pathway and modulates the phosphorylation levels. Etilefrine hydrochloride can be used in cardiovascular research, such as postural hypotension, chylothorax, and improving low cardiac output .

HY-W011012R

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium (Standard)

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (disodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (disodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is an orally active purine nucleotide, and participates in ATP metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is also a ligand for adenosine 2B receptor. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can activate AMPK in skeletal muscle, and ameliorates insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used for research of diabetes .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P2048

MOTS-c (human) 1 Publications Verification	Apoptosis GLUT AMPK	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology
MOTS-c (human) is a blood-brain barrier-penetrating, mitochondrial-derived peptide that modulates the *AMPK/PGC-1α* pathway to enhance insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c (human) inhibits the folate cycle and de novo purine synthesis, increases AICAR levels to activate *AMPK, and then regulates the Nrf2/Keap1* antioxidant pathway and inhibits the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. MOTS-c (human) has the effects of improving glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory diseases and aging-related metabolic disorders .

HY-121705

Propionyl-L-carnitine	Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family NF-κB Survivin Src Akt AMPK NO Synthase	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Propionyl-L-carnitine is an orally active L-carnitine derivative. Propionyl-L-carnitine has a high affinity for muscle L-carnitine transferase. Propionyl-L-carnitine increases Apoptosis, Bax, and reduces NF-κB, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and survivin. Propionyl-L-carnitine activates Src kinase, Akt, induces *p-AMPK* and nitric oxide synthesis. Propionyl-L-carnitine alleviates cardiovascular disease, obesity, and colitis .

HY-19870C

Setmelanotide monoacetate Maximum Cited Publications 8 Publications Verification RM-493 monoacetate; BIM-22493 monoacetate; IRC-022493 monoacetate	Melanocortin Receptor Calmodulin AMPK	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Setmelanotide monoacetate (RM-493 monoacetate) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, selective MC4R agonist with a K_i value of 2.1 nM for hMC4R. Setmelanotide monoacetate activates the *CaMKK2/AMPK* signaling pathway. Setmelanotide monoacetate mediates body weight homeostasis, feeding regulation and energy expenditure modulation; it reduces food intake, induces weight loss, decreases obesity severity, increases daytime activity and energy expenditure, lowers levels of leptin, triglycerides, fasting insulin and diastolic blood pressure, improves insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and fatty liver condition, and reverses respiratory depression. Setmelanotide monoacetate is applicable to research related to obesity, hyperinsulinemia, fatty liver and respiratory depression .

HY-P2048A

MOTS-c(human) acetate 1 Publications Verification	AMPK GLUT	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Endocrinology
MOTS-c (human) acetate is a blood-brain barrier-penetrating, mitochondrial-derived peptide that modulates the *AMPK/PGC-1α* pathway to enhance insulin sensitivity. MOTS-c (human) acetate inhibits the folate cycle and de novo purine synthesis, increases AICAR levels to activate *AMPK, and then regulates the Nrf2/Keap1* antioxidant pathway and inhibits the NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. MOTS-c (human) acetate has the effects of improving glucose and lipid metabolism, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes, traumatic brain injury, inflammatory diseases and aging-related metabolic disorders .

HY-P10769

MOTS-c (mouse) 2 Publications Verification	AMPK Apoptosis	Metabolic Disease
MOTS-c (mouse) is a mitochondrial-derived polypeptide that can be used to regulates pancreatic cell function. MOTS-c (mouse) reduces insulin secretion and expression in INS-1E cells, and enhances glucagon secretion and expression in αTC-1 cells. MOTS-c (mouse) decreases the apoptosis in INS-1E and αTC-1. MOTS-c (mouse) counteracts diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through *AMPK* activation .

HY-P0136

SAMS 2 Publications Verification	AMPK	Metabolic Disease
SAMS peptide is a specific substrate for the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).

HY-P1576A

AMARA peptide TFA	Salt-inducible Kinase (SIK) AMPK	Others
AMARA peptide (TFA) is a substrate for salt-inducible kinase (SIK) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK).

HY-P0136AF

FAM-SAMS TFA	Fluorescent Dye	Others
FAM-SAMS TFA is a 5-FAM (HY-66022) labeled SAMS (HY-P0136). SAMS peptide is a specific substrate for the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) .

HY-P5435

LKBtide	Ser/Thr Kinase	Others
LKBtide is a biological active peptide. (This is a peptide substrate that is phosphorylated by Serine/Threonine kinase 11 (STK11), also known as LKB1. LKBtide is derived from sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1) protein kinase, which is normally activated by the LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway.)

HY-163315

YPLP	Keap1-Nrf2 AMPK	Metabolic Disease
YPLP is a yeast-derived peptide Tyr-Pro-Leu-Pro, which exhibits activity in anti fatigue mechanisms through the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)- and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. YPLP is orally active .

HY-P0136F

FAM-SAMS	AMPK	Others
FAM-SAMS is a 5-FAM (HY-66022) labeled SAMS (HY-P0136). SAMS peptide is a specific substrate for the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) .

HY-P10367

Ziptide	MAPKAPK2 (MK2) Checkpoint Kinase (Chk) AMPK	Others
Ziptide is a substrate for MAPK activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2, K_m = 5 μM), MAPKAPK3 (K_m = 30 μM), PARK (K_m = 40 μM), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1, K_m = 5 μM), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, K_m = 75 μM), and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII, K_m = 300 μM) .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-13417

AICAR Maximum Cited Publications 215 Publications Verification Acadesine; AICA Riboside	Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	AMPK Autophagy YAP Mitophagy Endogenous Metabolite
AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR inhibits autophagy through a mechanism independent of AMPK activity .

HY-13755

Sulforaphane 65+ Cited Publications	Natural Products other families Classification of Application Fields Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	HDAC Keap1-Nrf2 Apoptosis Bcl-2 Family Caspase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties .

HY-N0484

Liensinine 15+ Cited Publications	Cardiovascular Disease Alkaloids Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Alkaloid Dimers Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Apoptosis VEGFR JAK Amyloid-β p38 MAPK HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase STAT PI3K JNK Akt
Liensinine is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. By inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and JNK/p38-MAPK signaling pathways, Liensinine suppresses autophagy and apoptosis, clears Aβ, and exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Liensinine activates *AMPK* and inhibits the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF, thereby suppressing angiogenesis. Liensinine exerts anti-tumor effects through ROS-mediated inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Liensinine can be used for the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, osteosarcoma, sepsis-induced organ injury and stroke .

HY-N0131

Stigmasterol 10+ Cited Publications	Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Amaranthaceae Plants Endogenous metabolite Achyranthes bidentata Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Steroids Source Classification	MMP Endogenous Metabolite
Stigmasterol is an orally acitve, immunomodulatory agent with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect, as well as able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Stigmasterol activates *AMPK, which in turn inhibits NF-κB* and NLRP3 signaling pathways, reduces microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and alleviates cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Stigmasterol regulates M1/M2 polarization of microglia through the TLR4/ NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing neuropathic pain. Stigmasterol can be used for neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and pain management, among others .

HY-W011527

Xanthosine 3 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Marine natural products Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Akt AMPK FOXO
Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine activates the *AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β* signaling cascade. Xanthosine promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research .

HY-N3005

Britannin 1 Publications Verification	Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Sesquiterpenes Plants Compositae Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Apoptosis Autophagy NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Pyroptosis
Britannin is an NLRP3 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 3.630 μM, exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity. Britannin inhibits the activation and assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by blocking the interaction between NLRP3 and NEK7. Additionally, Britannin demonstrates antitumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells through blocking the interaction between HIF-1α and Myc, thereby suppressing PD-L1 expression and enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Britannin can also induce apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells by activating ROS-regulated AMPK. Britannin holds promise for research in the fields of anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapeutics .

HY-13417A

AICAR phosphate Maximum Cited Publications 215 Publications Verification Acadesine phosphate; AICA Riboside phosphate	Alkaloids Animals Classification of Application Fields Other Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	AMPK Autophagy YAP Mitophagy Endogenous Metabolite
AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR phosphate regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR phosphate is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor .

HY-N0535

(+)-Magnoflorine chloride 1 Publications Verification Magnoflorine chloride; α-Magnoflorine chloride; Thalictrine chloride	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Plants Aristolochiaceae Infection Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids other families Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc. Phenols Polyphenols Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Fungal Autophagy Apoptosis PINK1/Parkin NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Caspase JNK NF-κB Sirtuin AMPK Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
(+)-Magnoflorine (α-Magnoflorine) chloride is an orally active aporphine alkaloid with multiple biological activities. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride promotes Parkin/PINK1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy, inhibits the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, regulates the intestinal microbiota, and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride inhibits JNK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, activates *Sirt1/AMPK* pathway, alleviates neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Magnoflorine chloride upregulates miR-410-3p, inhibits HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and has anti-tumor activity. (+)-Magnoflorine chloride also has significant antifungal activity .

HY-N1462

Atractyloside potassium salt 4 Publications Verification	Cardiovascular Disease Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. Diterpenoids Plants Compositae Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Chloride Channel Autophagy mTOR AMPK
Atractyloside potassium salt is a powerful and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Atractyloside potassium salt inhibits chloride channels from mitochondrial membranes of rat heart. Atractyloside potassium salt activates autophagy, inhibits ANT2, mTOR and promotes the activation of *p-AMPK*. Atractyloside potassium salt has anti-cancer effects on non-small cell lung cancer and can inhibit liver steatosis. Atractylodesin potassium salt has nephrotoxicity .

HY-N1437

Hydroxycitric acid 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Guttiferae Plants Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Roxb. Source Classification	Apoptosis Ferroptosis mTOR DNA/RNA Synthesis Keap1-Nrf2 Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) NF-κB ATP Citrate Lyase AMPK
Hydroxycitric acid is an orally active, multi-target, multi-bioactive organic acid. activates Nrf2 and its downstream molecule GPX4, increases glutathione levels, and thereby inhibits ferroptosis. Hydroxycitric acid activates the Nrf2/Keap1 and ACLY/NF-κB signaling pathways, upregulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, reduces MDA content, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and renal tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, and improves pulmonary vascular and right ventricular remodeling. Hydroxycitric acid activates both the *AMPK* and mTORC1/S6K pathways, triggers the unfolded protein response, arrests the cancer cell cycle, and induces DNA fragmentation .

HY-111355B

Cholesteryl sulfate sodium	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Steroids Source Classification	Sirtuin Endogenous Metabolite PKC AMPK DOCK
Cholesterol sulfate sodium is a naturally occurring, orally active cholesterol derivative that is widely distributed in various tissues and body fluids. Cholesterol sulfate sodium acts as a DOCK2 inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 2 μM and 2.9 μM against mouse and human targets, respectively. Cholesterol sulfate sodium restricts excessive neutrophil infiltration and alleviates intestinal inflammation and damage. Cholesterol sulfate sodium serves as an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which promotes squamous cell differentiation and inhibits skin carcinogenesis. Cholesterol sulfate sodium regulates cholesterol homeostasis and cellular metabolism by activating the *AMPK-Sirt1* pathway. Cholesterol sulfate sodium can be used in research related to actinic keratitis, ulcerative colitis, skin cancer, and other conditions .

HY-N1411

Platycodin D 5+ Cited Publications	Triterpenes Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC. Campanulaceae Metabolic Disease Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Wnt
Platycodin D is a saponin isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus, acts as an activator of AMPKα, with anti-obesity property. WNT/β-catenin pathway mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of platycodin D .

HY-112108

Chitosan oligosaccharide 5 Publications Verification COS	Polysaccharides Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Source Classification Cancer	AMPK Endogenous Metabolite
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1→4)-linked D-glucosamine. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) activates *AMPK* and inhibits inflammatory signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK pathways.

HY-125848

Ginsenoside F2	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Triterpenes Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification Cancer	Apoptosis AMPK PPAR p38 MAPK PI3K Akt GSK-3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) SOD Caspase
Ginsenoside F2 is an orally active bioactive compound that participates in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation. Ginsenoside F2 promotes the phosphorylation of *AMPK* and ACC, binds to PPARγ, inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK, activates the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, reduces GLRX expression, and regulates lipid metabolism. Ginsenoside F2 reduces ROS production and MDA levels, restores SOD activity in cells, and alleviates oxidative stress. Ginsenoside F2 induces cell apoptosis (Apoptosis) and increases the number of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Ginsenoside F2 reduces body weight gain, adipose tissue weight and serum lipid levels in obese mice, and activates the hepatic *AMPK* signaling pathway and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ginsenoside F2 alleviates atopic dermatitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation and reshaping the gut microbiota . Ginsenoside F2 is applicable to research related to insulin resistance, obesity, atopic dermatitis, liver cancer, glioblastoma and glioma .

HY-W012980

Isovaleric acid 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Endocrine diseases Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Biological Pesticide Research Agricultural Research Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease markers Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite PKA AMPK
Isovaleric acid is an oral active short-chain fatty acid that inhibits osteoclast differentiation by stimulating *AMPK* phosphorylation and promotes colonic smooth muscle relaxation by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. Isovaleric acid can be used in research on skeletal diseases (such as osteoporosis) and intestinal disorders .

HY-N0806

Sweroside 3 Publications Verification	Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Labiatae Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold ex Maxim. Phenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields	Keap1-Nrf2 AMPK Sirtuin NF-κB NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Pyroptosis Apoptosis Autophagy PARP
Sweroside is an iridoid glycoside that targets multiple targets, including the Keap1/Nrf2 axis, NLRP3 inflammasome, SIRT1, NF-κB, *AMPK/mTOR* pathway, and caspase family. Sweroside promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation by competitively binding to Keap1. Sweroside also inhibits oxidative stress and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis by activating Nrf2, inhibits NF-κB inflammatory pathway by activating SIRT1, and promotes autophagy and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Sweroside has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and lipid metabolism regulating activities, and can be used in the research of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, leukemia, acute lung injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and other fields .

HY-N0059

D-Arabinose	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Source Classification	Parasite Bacterial AMPK PPAR
D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal *AXIN-LKB1-AMPK* pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N2995

Poricoic acid A 1 Publications Verification Poricoic acid A(F)	Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Polyporaceae Poria cocos Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	NF-κB Keap1-Nrf2 AMPK TGF-beta/Smad Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Poricoic acid A can be isolated from Poria cocos. Poricoic acid A is an orally active anti-tumor agent. Poricoic acid A enhances melatonin inhibition of AKI-to-CKD transition by regulating Gas6/AxlNFκB/Nrf2 axis. Poricoic acid A also attenuatea fibroblast activation and abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling in renal fibrosis by activating *AMPK* and inhibiting Smad3. Poricoic acid A significantly reduces the magnitude of rise in serum creatinine and urea levels in rat model when combined with Melatonin. Poricoic acid A ameliorates renal fibrosis and podocyte injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation through regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 in IRI rodent model in combination with Melatonin .

HY-N0563

Alizarin 1 Publications Verification	Quinones Classification of Application Fields Anthraquinones Rubiaceae Other Diseases Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Rubia cordifolia L. Source Classification	AMPK VEGFR PI3K Akt NF-κB Cytochrome P450
Alizarin is a natural dye. Alizarin can be extracted from the roots of madder plant. Alizarin activates *AMPK* and VEGFR2/eNOS pathway. Alizarin regulates PI3K/Akt and inhibits NF-κB pathway. Alizarin enhances CYP1A1 enzyme activity. Alizarin has protective effects on hypertension and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Alizarin has anti-tumor activity against multiple cancers including pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, osteosarcoma and liver cancer. Alizarin has been widely used as a pigment in textile fabrics and paintings .

HY-N2787

8-Prenylnaringenin 1 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Humulus lupulus L. Flavonones Phenols Polyphenols Plants Moraceae Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	PI3K Akt AMPK Sirtuin Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) SOD
8-Prenylnaringenin is an orally active prenyl flavonoid. 8-Prenylnaringenin can be isolated from the hop spike Humulus lupulus. 8-Prenylnaringenin activates the PI3K/Akt pathway and the *AMPK* pathway, upregulates OXPHOS complexes (II, III, and V) and Sirt1, and reduces ROS production and SOD activity. 8-Prenylnaringenin improves muscle atrophy and obesity and inhibits angiogenesis. 8-Prenylnaringenin exhibits anticancer activity against glioblastoma and colon cancer. 8-Prenylnaringenin also has LH/FSH regulatory activity. 8-prenylnaringenin may be used in bone health research .

HY-B0923

Danthron 4 Publications Verification Dantron; Chrysazin; 1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone	Quinones Classification of Application Fields Anthraquinones Labiatae Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	AMPK Autophagy Bacterial Virus Protease
Danthron is a natural product extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Danthron functions in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism by activating *AMPK*.

HY-N0671

Rhapontin 2 Publications Verification Rhaponiticin	Stilbenes Classification of Application Fields Polygonaceae Rheum officinale Baill. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Apoptosis
Rhapontin (Rhaponiticin) is an orally aactive SIRT1 agonist and *AMPK* activator with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. Rhapontin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by activating SIRT1 and inhibits TGF-β/Smad signaling via the AMPK pathway. Rhapontin reduces intestinal and lung inflammation, inhibits fibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, and enhances tight junction protein expression to repair epithelial barriers. Rhapontin can be used in the study of inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis) and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-N1419

Vaccarin 1 Publications Verification	Flavonoids other families Classification of Application Fields Flavones Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Akt ERK p38 MAPK NF-κB Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) JNK
Vaccarin is an orally active flavonoid glycoside with multiple biological functions. Vaccarin promotes neovascularization by activating AKT and ERK. Vaccarin activates the *AMPK* signaling pathway to improve insulin resistance and steatosis. Vaccarin is a MAPK, NF-κB, and NFAT inhibitor, effectively blocking RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis .

HY-N0334

(+)-Magnoflorine Magnoflorine; α-Magnoflorine; Thalictrine	Alkaloids Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Coptis chinensis Franch. Ranunculaceae Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Fungal Autophagy Apoptosis PINK1/Parkin NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Caspase JNK NF-κB Sirtuin AMPK Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
(+)-Magnoflorine (α-Magnoflorine) is an orally active aporphine alkaloid with multiple biological activities. (+)-Magnoflorine promotes Parkin/PINK1 -mediated mitochondrial autophagy, inhibits the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, regulates the intestinal microbiota, and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (+)-Magnoflorine inhibits JNK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, activates *Sirt1/AMPK* pathway, alleviates neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Magnoflorine upregulates miR-410-3p, inhibits HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and has anti-tumor activity. (+)-Magnoflorine also has significant antifungal activity .

HY-N0853

Alisol A 5 Publications Verification	Triterpenes Structural Classification Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Other Diseases Alismataceae Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase PPAR MMP Interleukin Related
Alisol A is an orally active tetracyclic triterpenoid compound of the prototerpane type. Alisol A can be extracted from the rhizome of Alisma orientale. Alisol A activates *AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c, SIRT1, PPARα, inhibits MMP-2/-9, decreases inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8*). Alisol A has anti-tumor activity against breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Alisol A has anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerotic activities. Alisol A can be used in the research of hepatitis B, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, atherosclerosis, and obesity .

HY-13417R

AICAR (Standard) Acadesine (Standard); AICA Riboside (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards AMPK Autophagy YAP Mitophagy Endogenous Metabolite
AICAR (Standard) is the analytical standard of AICAR. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor .

HY-N0334A

(+)-Magnoflorine iodide 1 Publications Verification Magnoflorine iodide; α-Magnoflorine iodide; Thalictrine iodide	Alkaloids Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Magnoliaceae Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Magnolia Liliflora Desr. Plants Isoquinoline Alkaloids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Fungal Autophagy Apoptosis PINK1/Parkin NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Caspase JNK NF-κB Sirtuin AMPK Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
(+)-Magnoflorine (α-Magnoflorine) iodide is an orally active aporphine alkaloid with multiple biological activities. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide promotes Parkin/PINK1 -mediated mitochondrial autophagy, inhibits the activation of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway, regulates the intestinal microbiota, and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide inhibits JNK and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways, activates *Sirt1/AMPK* pathway, alleviates neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. Magnoflorine upregulates miR-410-3p, inhibits HMGB1/NF-κB pathway, and has anti-tumor activity. (+)-Magnoflorine iodide also has significant antifungal activity .

HY-134356

AICA-riboside, 5′-phosphate AICAR-5'-MP	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
AICA-riboside, 5′-phosphate is AICA riboside with a phosphate group. The functions of AICA riboside include: 1) conversion into AMP mimetic to selectively activate AMPK; 2) competition with adenosine for the uptake of nucleoside transporters, reversible blocking of adenosine reuptake, increasing extracellular adenosine concentration, and indirectly activating adenosine A1 receptors. AICA riboside is involved in metabolic regulation (promoting catabolism and inhibiting anabolism) and adenosine-dependent neuroprotection (inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission). AICA riboside can be used in the study of metabolic diseases (such as diabetes and obesity) and neurological diseases (such as ischemia and epilepsy), and has central nervous system protective activity .

HY-111355

Cholesterol sulfate	Structural Classification Animals Steroids Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite DOCK PKC AMPK Sirtuin
Cholesterol sulfate is a naturally occurring, orally active cholesterol derivative that is widely distributed in various tissues and body fluids. Cholesterol sulfate acts as a DOCK2 inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 2 μM and 2.9 μM against mouse and human targets, respectively. Cholesterol sulfate restricts excessive neutrophil infiltration and alleviates intestinal inflammation and damage. Cholesterol sulfate serves as an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which promotes squamous cell differentiation and inhibits skin carcinogenesis. Cholesterol sulfate regulates cholesterol homeostasis and cellular metabolism by activating the *AMPK-Sirt1* pathway. Cholesterol sulfate can be used in research related to actinic keratitis, ulcerative colitis, skin cancer, and other conditions .

HY-N2055

Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Flavonols Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Plants Flavonoids other families Phenols Polyphenols Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) NF-κB TNF Receptor AMPK
Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside is an orally active derivative of Kaempferol. It exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antidepressant effects. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside is an inhibitor of the cell surface receptor toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 for High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and it also exerts anti-inflammatory effects by blocking the activation of NF-κB expression and the production of TNF-α. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside promotes the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and enhances autophagy by binding to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby exerting antidepressant effects. Kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside holds promise for research in the fields of inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases .

HY-N2353

Arabinose 1 Publications Verification (±)-Arabinose; DL-Arabinose; dl-Arabinose	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite
Arabinose is a pentose sugar commonly found in plants. Arabinose alleviates immune dysregulation and inflammation by promoting balanced immune responses and reducing inflammation. Arabinose induces cytotoxicity, autophagy (Autophagy), and cell cycle arrest in breast cancer cells through the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-AMPK axis in neuroblastoma cells, thereby exerting neuromodulatory/antidepressant effects. Arabinose can also be used as an intermediate in compound synthesis. Arabinose may be applied in research related to immune inflammation, depression, breast cancer, and other diseases .

HY-N2312

Mogrol 2 Publications Verification	Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Cucurbitaceae Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex Lu et Z. Y. Zhang Plants Disease Research Fields Cancer	ERK STAT
Mogrol is a biometabolite of mogrosides, and acts via inhibition of the ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways, or reducing CREB activation and activating *AMPK* signaling.

HY-N6258

Kahweol 1 Publications Verification	other families Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Rubiaceae Metabolic Disease Diterpenoids Plants Disease Research Fields Coffea arabica L. Source Classification	AMPK Apoptosis
Kahweol is one of the consituents of the coffee from Coffea Arabica with anti-inflammatory anti-angiogenic, and anti-cancerous activities. Kahweol inhibits adipogenesis and increase glucose uptake by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. Kahweol induces apoptosis.

HY-N0385

Gomisin J 3 Publications Verification	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Lignans Phenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Schisandraceae Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NO Synthase AMPK CaMK NF-κB Keap1-Nrf2
Gomisin J is a Schisandra chinensis-derived lignan that can inhibit multiple targets such as eNOS, *AMPK* (LKB1, CaMKIIβ), fetuin-A, NF-κB, Nrf2/HO-1, and can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Gomisin J increases NO bioavailability by activating eNOS, regulates lipid metabolism by activating the *AMPK* pathway, inhibits fetuin-A and NF-κB to exert anti-inflammatory effects, and activates Nrf2/HO-1 to enhance antioxidant capacity. Gomisin J has the activities of anti-hypertension, regulating liver lipid metabolism, and reducing cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and can be used for research on hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, etc .

HY-N7515

Pinocembrin chalcone 2',4',6'-Trihydroxychalcone	Chalcones Flavonoids other families Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Bacterial AMPK
Pinocembrin chalcone (2',4',6'-Trihydroxychalcone) is an antibacterial compound from Helichrysum Trilineatum. Pinocembrin chalcone facilitates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, improves glucose tolerance, increases muscle FAO and reduces fat accumulation in the liver and skeletal muscles in high-fat diet-induced (HFD) diabetic mice. Pinocembrin chalcone is promising for research of gastric ulcers and diabetes .

HY-N0592

Demethyleneberberine	Structural Classification Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Classification of Application Fields Rutaceae Other Phenylpropanoids Phenols Polyphenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NF-κB AMPK Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) p38 MAPK
Demethyleneberberine is a blood-brain barrier-permeable antioxidant. Demethyleneberberine exerts antioxidant effects by targeting mitochondria, activates the *AMPK* signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism, and inhibits inflammation-related pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. Demethyleneberberine can be used in the research of inflammatory and other diseases .

HY-W017212

Methyl cinnamate 2 Publications Verification Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Simple Phenylpropanols Rutaceae Metabolic Disease Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants AMPK Bacterial Tyrosinase
Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate), an active component of Zanthoxylum armatum, is a widely used natural flavor compound. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) possesses antimicrobial activity and is a tyrosinase inhibitor that can prevent food browning. Methyl cinnamate (Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate) has antiadipogenic activity through mechanisms mediated, in part, by the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway .

HY-N8307

Syringaresinol	Structural Classification Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. Lignans Phenols Polyphenols Phenylpropanoids Agavaceae Plants	NO Synthase NF-κB Akt AMPK Calcium Channel
Syringaresinol is a lignan-type phytochemical with anti-inflammatory activities. Syringaresinol inhibits the NF-κB and AKT signaling pathway in IL-1β-activated mouse chondrocytes. Syringaresinol increases phosphorylation of *AMPK, eNOS, and intracellular Ca ²⁺* levels in HUVECs. Syringaresinol attenuates osteoarthritis progression in mice with Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus (DMM)-induced osteoarthritis. Syringaresinol can be used for the study of osteoarthritis (OA) .

HY-N5083

Saponarin 1 Publications Verification	Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Flavones Dipsacaceae Dipsacus sativus (Linn.) Honck. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	PERK NF-κB p38 MAPK AMPK Interleukin Related COX
Saponarin is an orally active flavonoid compound. Saponarin can be isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma. Saponarin inhibits ERK/p38, NF-κB and MAPK phosphorylation and activates *AMPK. Saponarin reduces IL-1β* and COX-2. Saponarin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects. Saponarin improves sleep disorders .

HY-N7400

Phaseoloidin	Structural Classification Monophenols other families Classification of Application Fields Other Diseases Phenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Caspase Insecticide
Phaseoloidin is an orally active multi-target inhibitor. Phaseoloidin inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and blocks the caspase-11-GSDMD pyroptosis axis. Phaseoloidin reduces the expression of collagen-degrading enzymes to maintain the integrity of cartilage matrix. Phaseoloidin activates the *AMPK/mTOR* pathway to enhance autophagic function. Phaseoloidin exerts adverse effects on the growth and development of Manduca sexta and Spodoptera littoralis larvae, inhibits larval growth, and thereby helps Nicotiana attenuata defend against lepidopteran herbivorous insects. Phaseoloidin is applicable to research related to acute gouty arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis .

HY-N7082

D-Arabinopyranose	Infection Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Disease Research Fields Saccharides Monosaccharides Source Classification	Parasite Bacterial AMPK PPAR
D-Arabinopyranose is a rare aldehyde pentose, and its ring-opened form is D-arabinose (HY-N0059). D-arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal *AXIN-LKB1-AMPK* pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0381

Maackiain 1 Publications Verification DL-Maackiain	Infection Structural Classification Natural Products Monophenols other families Classification of Application Fields Phenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Keap1-Nrf2 p38 MAPK NOD-like Receptor (NLR) NF-κB mTOR Monoamine Oxidase Nuclear Factor of activated T Cells (NFAT) PKC Apoptosis Pyroptosis Autophagy Dengue Virus
Maackiain (DL-Maackiain) is an orally active multi-target inhibitor with anti-tumor activity and neuroprotective effects. Maackiain activates the *AMPK, NLRP3* and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, and inhibits key targets such as NF-κB, mTOR, MAO-B, NFATc1 and PKCδ, thereby precisely regulating processes including apoptosis, autophagy and pyroptosis. Maackiain also effectively inhibits microglial activation, osteoclast formation, and proliferation and invasion of tumor cells, and protects dopaminergic neurons from damage. Maackiain is applicable to the research of various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, sepsis and dengue fever 。

HY-N2447

Amarogentin 2 Publications Verification	Gentiana scabra Bunge Iridoids Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Gentianaceae Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Apoptosis
Amarogentin is a secoiridoid glycoside that is mainly extracted from Swertia and Gentiana roots. Amarogentin exhibits many biological effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-tumour, and anti-diabetic activities. Amarogentin exerts hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Amarogentin promotes apoptosis, arrests G2/M cell cycle and downregulates of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. Amarogentin exerts beneficial vasculo-metabolic effect by activating *AMPK* .

HY-N0930B

Galegine hydrochloride	Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Other Alkaloids Metabolic Disease Plants Galega officinalis Linn. Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK Bacterial
Galegine hydrochloride, a guanidine derivative, contributes to weight loss in mice. Guanidine hydrochloride is the compound derived from G. officinalis, which gave rise to the biguanides, metformin and phenformin. Galegine hydrochloride activates *AMPK* in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes, as well as in the H4IIE rat hepatoma and HEK293 human kidney cell lines. Galegine hydrochloride has antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 4 mg/L against Staphylococcus aureus strains .

HY-N2896

Arjunolic acid	Triterpenes Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Juglandaceae Terpenoids Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk. Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis Fungal Bacterial NF-κB SOD AMPK mTOR Notch Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Wnt MyD88 Sirtuin
Arjunolic acid is an orally active, multifunctional bioactive compound. Arjunolic acid exhibits free radical scavenging activity, as well as fungal and bacterial activities. Arjunolic acid induces apoptosis (Apoptosis) in various cancer cells. Arjunolic acid protects hepatocytes against induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by reducing reactive oxygen species and inhibiting NF-κB activation. Arjunolic acid regulates pancreatic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats by blocking the activation of the TLR-4/MyD88 and canonical Wnt pathways. Arjunolic acid inhibits neuroinflammation and ameliorates depressive behaviors via the *SIRT1/AMPK/Notch1* signaling pathway in microglia. Arjunolic acid improves Crohn's disease-like colitis by restoring gut microbiota composition and inhibiting TLR4 signaling. Arjunolic acid suppresses osteosarcoma progression by inhibiting Wnt3a-mediated M2 polarization of macrophages. Arjunolic acid ameliorates diabetic retinopathy via the autophagy pathway regulated by *AMPK/mTOR/HO-1*. Arjunolic acid is applicable to research related to type 2 diabetes, organ toxicity, depression, Crohn's disease, osteosarcoma, diabetic retinopathy, and testicular dysfunction .

HY-N3266

Methyl rosmarinate	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Simple Phenylpropanols Adenocarpus cincinnatus (Ball) Maire Labiatae Phenols Polyphenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Tyrosinase Phosphatase Cholinesterase (ChE) SARS-CoV PERK JNK p38 MAPK TGF-beta/Smad Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) AMPK MMP
Methyl rosmarinate is an orally active hydroxycinnamic acid. Methyl rosmarinate exhibits an IC₅₀ of 24.70 μM and a K_i of 15.29 μM against PTP1B, an IC₅₀ of 41.46 μg/mL against BChE, a K_i of 0.61 mM against mushroom tyrosinase, and an IC₅₀ of 2.50 μM against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Methyl rosmarinate downregulates the phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK, p38, Smad2 and Smad3. Methyl rosmarinate activates erythrocyte BPGM and promotes the production of 2,3-BPG. Methyl rosmarinate induces apoptosis of fibroblasts. Methyl rosmarinate prolongs the survival time of hypoxic mice. Methyl rosmarinate improves insulin sensitivity. Methyl rosmarinate binds to SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and inhibits viral replication. Methyl rosmarinate induces glioblastoma cell death. Methyl rosmarinate activates the *TGR5/AMPK* axis and reduces the levels of ROS and MDA. Methyl rosmarinate shows inhibitory activity against MMP-1. Methyl rosmarinate can be used in research related to pulmonary fibrosis, hypoxia-induced injury, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, hyperpigmentation disorders, COVID-19, glioblastoma and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury .

HY-N8599

Cichoriin 2 Publications Verification	Infection Structural Classification Monophenols other families Classification of Application Fields Coumarins Phenols Phenylpropanoids Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Amylases Glycosidase Lipase Dipeptidyl Peptidase p38 MAPK PPAR P2Y Receptor NOD-like Receptor (NLR) SARS-CoV Pyroptosis GLUT Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) NF-κB
Cichoriin is an orally active coumarin glycoside with broad biological activities. Cichoriin exhibits inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and DPP-IV, with IC₅₀ values of 5.76, 2.94, 16.83 and 9.16 μg/mL, respectively. Cichoriin significantly improves metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in mice by activating the *AMPK* signaling pathway. Cichoriin upregulates PPAR-γ in adipose tissue and alleviates obesity and associated cardiorenal injury in rats. Cichoriin blocks monosodium urate crystal-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cell pyroptosis by inhibiting P2Y₁₄R (IC₅₀ = 8.47 nM). In silico virtual screening reveals that Cichoriin has a strong binding affinity for SARS-CoV-2 .

HY-N6971

Cimiracemoside C Cimicifugoside M	Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Ranunculaceae Metabolic Disease Cimicifuga foetida Linn. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK
Cimiracemoside C is an active component of Cimicifuga racemosa, activates *AMPK*, has the potential activity against diabetes .

HY-N10093

Chamaejasmine Chamaejasmin	Flavonoids Thymelaeaceae Stellera chamaejasme Linn. Plants Biflavones	Apoptosis AMPK Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Chamaejasmine is a biflavonoid that can be isolated from the roots of Stellera chamaejasme L. Chamaejasmine has antitumor activity. Chamaejasmine induces cell apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production, and activates the activity of *AMPK/mTOR* signal pathway .

HY-N7676

Marein 3 Publications Verification	Cardiovascular Disease Chalcones Flavonoids other families Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	AMPK HDAC
Marein has the neuroprotective effect due to a reduction of damage to mitochondria function and activation of the AMPK signal pathway. Marein improves insulin resistance induced by high glucose in HepG2 cells through CaMKK/AMPK/GLUT1 to promote glucose uptake, through IRS/Akt/GSK-3β to increase glycogen synthesis, and through Akt/FoxO1 to decrease gluconeogenesis. Marein is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 100 μM. Marein has beneficial antioxidative, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic effects .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-110228

Metformin-d6 hydrochloride

Metformin-d₆ hydrochloride is a deuterium labeled Metformin hydrochloride. Metformin hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-B0627S

Metformin-d6

Metformin-d₆ (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide-d₆) is a deuterated labeled Metformin (HY-B0627). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-W006398S

Acetic acid-d3 sodium

Acetic acid-d₃ sodium is the deuterium labeled Acetic acid (HY-Y0319) . Acetic acid is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Acetic acid activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Acetic acid exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Acetic acid regulates energy metabolism. Acetic acid has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Acetic acid induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Acetic acid can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.

HY-111355S

Cholesterol sulfate-d7 sodium

Cholesterol sulfate sodium-d₇ is the deuterium labeled Cholesterol sulfate sodium. Cholesterol sulfate sodium is a naturally occurring, orally active cholesterol derivative that is widely distributed in various tissues and body fluids. Cholesterol sulfate sodium acts as a DOCK2 inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 2 μM and 2.9 μM against mouse and human targets, respectively. Cholesterol sulfate sodium restricts excessive neutrophil infiltration and alleviates intestinal inflammation and damage. Cholesterol sulfate sodium serves as an activator of protein kinase C (PKC), which promotes squamous cell differentiation and inhibits skin carcinogenesis. Cholesterol sulfate sodium regulates cholesterol homeostasis and cellular metabolism by activating the AMPK-Sirt1 pathway. Cholesterol sulfate sodium can be used in research related to actinic keratitis, ulcerative colitis, skin cancer, and other conditions.

HY-12357S2

Bempedoic acid-d4
Bempedoic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Bempedoic acid. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is an ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) activates AMPK .

HY-W011012S

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-13C disodium

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate- ¹³C (disodium) is a ¹³C-labeled Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (HY-W011012). Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is an orally active purine nucleotide, and participates in ATP metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is also a ligand for adenosine 2B receptor. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can activate AMPK in skeletal muscle, and ameliorates insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used for research of diabetes .

HY-12357S

Bempedoic acid-d5
Bempedoic acid-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Bempedoic acid . Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is an ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) inhibitor . Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) activates AMPK .

HY-B0627S1

Metformin-13C2 hydrochloride

Metformin- ¹³C₂ (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide- ¹³C₂) hydrochloride is the ¹³C-labeled Metformin hydrochloride (HY-17471A). Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) hydrochloride inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin hydrochloride exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin hydrochloride also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin hydrochloride regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo .

HY-13417S

AICAR-13C2,15N
AICAR- ¹³C₂, ¹⁵N (Acadesine- ¹³C₂, ¹⁵N; AICA Riboside- ¹³C₂, ¹⁵N) is the ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled AICAR (HY-13417) . AICAR (Acadesine) is an adenosine analog and a *AMPK* activator. AICAR regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor .

HY-N0059S1

D-Arabinose-13C-1

D-Arabinose- ¹³C-1 is the ¹³C labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0059S3

D-Arabinose-13C-3

D-Arabinose- ¹³C-3 is the ¹³C labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-W701218

Sulforaphane-d8

Sulforaphane-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Sulforaphane (HY-13755). Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties .

HY-B1221S1

Flufenamic acid-13C6

Flufenamic acid- ¹³C₆ is the ¹³C₆ labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca ²⁺ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.

HY-B1221S

Flufenamic acid-d4

Flufenamic acid-d₄ is deuterium labeled Flufenamic acid. Flufenamic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), activates AMPK, and also modulates ion channels, blocking chloride channels and L-type Ca ²⁺ channels, modulating non-selective cation channels (NSC), activating K+ channels. Flufenamic acid binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD and inhibits both TEAD function and TEAD-YAP-dependent processes, such as cell migration and proliferation.

HY-N8016S2

Nonanal-d2
Nonanal-d₂ is deuterated labeled Nonanal (HY-N8016). Nonanal is a saturated fatty aldehyde with antidiarrhoeal activity .

HY-B2099S

Buformin-d9 hydrochloride
Buformin-d₉ (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Buformin. Buformin (1-Butylbiguanide), a potent AMPK activator, acts as an orally active biguanide antidiabetic agent. Buformin decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and lowers blood glucose production in vivo. Buformin also has anti-cancer activities and is applied in cancer study (such as, cervical cancer and breast cancer, et al) .

HY-16397AS

Phenformin-d5 hydrochloride

Phenformin-d₅ (Phenethylbiguanide-d₅) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Phenformin hydrochloride. Phenformin hydrochloride is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK, and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.

HY-N0059S4

D-Arabinose-d2

D-Arabinose-d₂ is the deuterium labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0059S

D-Arabinose-13C

D-Arabinose- ¹³C is the ¹³C labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0059S6

D-Arabinose-d6

D-Arabinose-d₆ is the deuterium labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0059S5

D-Arabinose-d5

D-Arabinose-d₅ is the deuterium labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N0059S2

D-arabinose-13C-2

D-Arabinose- ¹³C-2 is the ¹³C labeled D-Arabinose (HY-N0059). D-Arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-Arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-Arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-Arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-Arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-N7082S

D-Arabinopyranose-13C5

D-Arabinopyranos- ¹³C₅ is ¹³C labeled D-Arabinopyranos (HY-N7082). D-Arabinopyranose is a rare aldehyde pentose, and its ring-opened form is D-arabinose (HY-N0059). D-arabinose is is an orally active antidepressant and a growth inhibitor of C. elegans (IC₅₀ is 7.5 mM). D-arabinose can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, selectively interfere with the metabolism of D-ribose and D-fructose, and inhibit the growth of nematodes. D-arabinose can also inhibit the synthesis of cell biofilm and exert antibacterial activity. D-arabinose activates the ACSS2-PPARγ/TFEB-CRTC1 axis through the lysosomal AXIN-LKB1-AMPK pathway, inducing CRTC1 transcription, exerts antidepressant-like activity. D-arabinose is the ring-opened form of the aldopentose D-?Arabinose (HY-N7082) .

HY-W011012S1

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-d2 disodium

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-d₂ disodium is the deuterium labeled Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (HY-W011012). Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is an orally active purine nucleotide, and participates in ATP metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is also a ligand for adenosine 2B receptor. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can activate AMPK in skeletal muscle, and ameliorates insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used for research of diabetes .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-N0131

Stigmasterol 10+ Cited Publications		Cholesterol
Stigmasterol is an orally acitve, immunomodulatory agent with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect, as well as able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Stigmasterol activates *AMPK, which in turn inhibits NF-κB* and NLRP3 signaling pathways, reduces microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, and alleviates cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Stigmasterol regulates M1/M2 polarization of microglia through the TLR4/ NF-κB pathway, thereby reducing neuropathic pain. Stigmasterol can be used for neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and pain management, among others .

HY-W011527

Xanthosine 3 Publications Verification		Nucleoside Analogs
Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine activates the *AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β* signaling cascade. Xanthosine promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research .

HY-W013803

Xanthosine dihydrate		Nucleoside Analogs
Xanthosine dihydrate is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. Xanthosine dihydrate activates the *AMPK/FoxO1/AKT/GSK3β* signaling cascade. Xanthosine dihydrate promotes cell proliferation and regulates blood glucose metabolism. Xanthosine dihydrate increases milk production in cows and goats. Xanthosine dihydrate is used in mammary stem cell and type 2 diabetes research .

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