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Pathways Recommended:	Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel

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thylakoid membranes

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	Bacterial (1) Herbicide (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (1)
Oligonucleotides:	Phospholipids (1) Cationic Lipids (2)

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Oligonucleotides

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-157618

18:0-18:1 PG sodium	Bacterial	Others
18:0-18:1 PG sodium is a hydrogenated phospholipid that contributes to the stability of photosystem I and II protein complexes and plays a role in bacterial defense mechanisms, featuring two extra methylene groups in its saturated sn-1 chain, and is present in the thylakoid membranes of higher plants and cyanobacteria.

HY-N11882

Plastoquinone PQ-9	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Others
Plastoquinone (PQ-9) is a photosynthetic electron carrier as well as a redox sensor capable of regulating state transitions and gene expression. Plastoquinone transfers electrons to the cytochrome b₆/f complex via the Q cycle, and participates in the establishment of the thylakoid transmembrane pH gradient. Plastoquinone can react with ROS. Plastoquinone is used in plant photosynthesis research .

HY-N9677

Digalactosyldiacylglycerol	Herbicide	Others
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is a membrane structure stabilizer that selectively acts on photosystem II light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), serving as a natural bilayer-forming lipid in plant **thylakoid membranes*. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol constructs a lipid bilayer environment with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in a 2:1 molar ratio, stabilizing the supramolecular structure of LHCII through interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Its core activity is maintaining thylakoid* membrane stacking (grana formation) and supporting photosynthesis-related functions, while also possessing functions in light harvesting assistance and excitation energy quenching regulation under light stress. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol can be used in research on plant photosynthesis mechanisms, thylakoid membrane structure and function regulation, as well as in the construction of artificial photosynthetic systems and the development of plant photoprotection strategies .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-N11882

Plastoquinone PQ-9	Structural Classification Natural Products Beta vulgaris Linn. Plants Chenopodiaceae Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Plastoquinone (PQ-9) is a photosynthetic electron carrier as well as a redox sensor capable of regulating state transitions and gene expression. Plastoquinone transfers electrons to the cytochrome b₆/f complex via the Q cycle, and participates in the establishment of the thylakoid transmembrane pH gradient. Plastoquinone can react with ROS. Plastoquinone is used in plant photosynthesis research .

HY-N9677

Digalactosyldiacylglycerol	Structural Classification Natural Products Amaranthaceae Plants Spinacia oleracea L. Source Classification	Herbicide
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol is a membrane structure stabilizer that selectively acts on photosystem II light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), serving as a natural bilayer-forming lipid in plant **thylakoid membranes*. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol constructs a lipid bilayer environment with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) in a 2:1 molar ratio, stabilizing the supramolecular structure of LHCII through interactions such as hydrogen bonding. Its core activity is maintaining thylakoid* membrane stacking (grana formation) and supporting photosynthesis-related functions, while also possessing functions in light harvesting assistance and excitation energy quenching regulation under light stress. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol can be used in research on plant photosynthesis mechanisms, thylakoid membrane structure and function regulation, as well as in the construction of artificial photosynthetic systems and the development of plant photoprotection strategies .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-157618

18:0-18:1 PG sodium		Phospholipids
18:0-18:1 PG sodium is a hydrogenated phospholipid that contributes to the stability of photosystem I and II protein complexes and plays a role in bacterial defense mechanisms, featuring two extra methylene groups in its saturated sn-1 chain, and is present in the thylakoid membranes of higher plants and cyanobacteria.

HY-N16344

Hydrogenated DGDG		Cationic Lipids
Hydrogenated DGDG is a lipid derived from plants. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is a galactosylglycerolipid, which is a major lipid component in the thylakoid membrane of leaf chloroplasts. DGDG is vital for photosynthesis.

HY-N16337

Hydrogenated MGDG		Cationic Lipids
Hydrogenated MGDG is a type of glycolipid. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), a galactosylglycerolipid, is a major lipid in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast of leaves. It is also localized in the roots, fruits and grains. MGDG is synthesized from Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (MGD1). It is a precursor for digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG).

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BODIPY 493/503 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 1;16(1):1241. [Abstract]

MedchemExpress Validation 01

Western blot analysis of extracts from THP-1(lane 2(20μg), Jurkat (lane 3(20μg) and NIH3T3(lane 4(20μg) using FOXO1A (HY-P80132) Rabbit mAb. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 2 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (1/1000) and Loading control antibody (Beta Actin, HY-P80438, 1/10000) was used in 5% non-fat milk in TBST at 4°C overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse/Rabbit IgG-HRP Secondary Antibody (1/10000) was used for 1 hour at room temperature. Western blot analysis of extracts from THP-1(lane 2(20μg), Jurkat (lane 3(20μg) and NIH3T3(lane 4(20μg) using FOXO1A (HY-P80132) Rabbit mAb. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 2 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (1/1000) and Loading control antibody (Beta Actin, HY-P80438, 1/10000) was used in 5% non-fat milk in TBST at 4°C overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse/Rabbit IgG-HRP Secondary Antibody (1/10000) was used for 1 hour at room temperature. Western blot analysis of extracts from THP-1(lane 2(20μg), Jurkat (lane 3(20μg) and NIH3T3(lane 4(20μg) using FOXO1A (HY-P80132) Rabbit mAb. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% non-fat milk in TBST for 2 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (1/1000) and Loading control antibody (Beta Actin, HY-P80438, 1/10000) was used in 5% non-fat milk in TBST at 4°C overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse/Rabbit IgG-HRP Secondary Antibody (1/10000) was used for 1 hour at room temperature.

BODIPY 493/503 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Commun. 2025 Feb 1;16(1):1241. [Abstract]

MedchemExpress Validation 01

MedchemExpress Validation 03

Western blot analysis of extracts from THP-1(lane 2(20μg), Jurkat (lane 3(20μg) and NIH3T3(lane 4(20μg) using FOXO1A (HY-P80132) Rabbit mAb. Proteins were transferred

MedchemExpress Validation 04

MedchemExpress Validation

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thylakoid membranes

Inhibitors & Agonists

NaturalProducts

Oligonucleotides

Natural
Products