2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0890
    Tubeimoside I
    		Activator 99.96%
    Tubeimoside I is an orally active HSPD1 inhibitor. Tubeimoside I inhibits NF-κB, MAPK, as well as regulates eNOS-VEGF. Tubeimoside I induces cytoprotective Autophagy via an Akt-mediated pathway. Tubeimoside I inhibits proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) production. Tubeimoside I exhibits anti-inflammatory activities. Tubeimoside I promotes angiogenesis and improves sepsis symptoms. Tubeimoside I is used in the research of inflammatory diseases, various cancers, sepsis and ischemic diseases.
    Tubeimoside I
  • HY-B1227
    Carprofen
    		99.94%
    Carprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a multi-target FAAH/COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 3.9 μM, 22.3 μM and 78.6 μM for COX-2, COX-1 and FAAH, respectively.
    Carprofen
  • HY-W012875
    3-Nitropropanoic acid
    		99.94%
    3-Nitropropanoic acid (β-Nitropropionic acid) is an irreversible and orally active inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. 3-Nitropropanoic acid exhibits potent antimycobacterial activity with a MIC value of 3.3 μM. 3-Nitropropanoic acid can induce cell apoptosis.
    3-Nitropropanoic acid
  • HY-10342
    Enzastaurin
    		Inducer 99.80%
    Enzastaurin (LY317615) is a potent, selective, and CNS-penetrant PKCβ inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 nM, showing 6- to 20-fold selectivity over PKCα, PKCγ and PKCε.
    Enzastaurin
  • HY-15025A
    Sildenafil citrate
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Sildenafil citrate is a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with IC50 of 5.22 nM.
    Sildenafil citrate
  • HY-13756A
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Tacrolimus monohydrate (FK506 monohydrate), a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex and inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.
    Tacrolimus monohydrate
  • HY-N0035
    Arctigenin
    		Inducer 99.69%
    Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions.
    Arctigenin
  • HY-13417A
    AICAR phosphate
    		Inhibitor 99.97%
    AICAR phosphate (Acadesine phosphate) is an adenosine analog and a AMPK activator. AICAR phosphate regulates the glucose and lipid metabolism, and inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS production. AICAR phosphate is also an autophagy, YAP and mitophagy inhibitor.
    AICAR phosphate
  • HY-N0159
    Paeonol
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Paeonol is an active extraction from the root of Paeonia suffruticosa, Paeonol inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B with IC50 of 54.6 μM and 42.5 μM, respectively.
    Paeonol
  • HY-14616
    Shogaol
    		Inducer 99.84%
    Shogaol ([6]-Shogaol), an active compound isolated from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc), exhibits a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation.
    Shogaol
  • HY-16397A
    Phenformin hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Phenformin (Phenethylbiguanide) hydrochloride is an orally active biguanide hypoglycemic agent. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, leading to an increased AMP/ATP ratio, activation of AMPK, and subsequent inhibition of the mTOR pathway, thereby suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy. Phenformin hydrochloride inhibits cancer stem cells (CSCs) and possesses potent antitumor potential.
    Phenformin hydrochloride
  • HY-13271
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.31%
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride (Tubastatin A HCl) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor with IC50 of 15 nM in a cell-free assay, and is selective (1000-fold more) against all other isozymes except HDAC8 (57-fold more). Tubastatin A Hydrochloride also inhibits HDAC10 and metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    Tubastatin A Hydrochloride
  • HY-12661A
    AMG PERK 44
    		Inducer 99.67%
    AMG PERK 44 is an orally active and highly selective PERK inhibitor with an IC50 of 6 nM. AMG PERK 44 has 1000-fold and 160-fold selectivity over GCN2 (IC50=7300 nM) and B-Raf (IC50 >1000 nM), respectively. AMG PERK 44 induces autophagy.
    AMG PERK 44
  • HY-B1030
    Lanatoside C
    		Inducer 99.88%
    Lanatoside C is a cardiac glycoside, can be used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.Lanatoside C has an IC50 of 0.19 μM for dengue virus infection in HuH-7 cells. Lanatoside C can effectively inhibit all four serotypes of dengue virus, flavivirus Kunjin, alphavirus Chikungunya, Sindbis virus and the human enterovirus 71.
    Lanatoside C
  • HY-13241
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
    		99.97%
    Ralimetinib dimesylate (LY2228820 dimesylate) is a selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAPK α/β with IC50s of 5.3 and 3.2 nM, respectively. Ralimetinib (LY2228820) selectively inhibits phosphorylation of MK2 (Thr334), with no effect on phosphorylation of p38a MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, c-Jun, ATF2, or c-Myc.
    Ralimetinib dimesylate
  • HY-N2581
    Phytic acid sodium salt
    		Activator
    Phytic acid (myo-Inositol; hexakis dihydrogen phosphate; Inositol hexaphosphate) sodium salt is an orally active compound. Phytic acid sodium salt can be derived from the seeds of legumes. Phytic acid sodium salt is a [PO4]3- storage depot and precursor for other inositol phosphates and pyrophosphates. Phytic acid sodium salt attenuates Aβ oligomers and upregulates autophagy protein. Phytic acid sodium salt can be used in cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, nervous system disease and cancer research.
    Phytic acid sodium salt
  • HY-N0568
    Madecassoside
    		Inhibitor 99.58%
    Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica and has anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Madecassoside is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Centella asiatica. Madecassoside is orally active and has inhibitory properties against inflammation, oxidation, apoptosis and autophagy. Madecassosid inhibits activities of p38 MAPK and NF-kB, exhibits an anti-apopototic property, activates Nrf2 expression to reduce the neurotoxicity. Madecassoside can be used in endocrine diseases, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases and other diseases.
    Madecassoside
  • HY-114118B
    Semaglutide acetate
    		Activator 99.96%
    Semaglutide acetate is a long-acting, selective, competitive GLP-1R agonist that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. After activating GLP-1R, Semaglutide acetate promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric emptying and appetite, and at the same time enhances autophagy, inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis. Semaglutide acetate also regulates mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism (such as reducing de novo lipogenesis in the liver). Semaglutide acetate has activities such as lowering blood sugar, reducing weight, neuroprotection (such as improving motor function in Parkinson's disease models, reducing α-synuclein aggregation) and improving hepatic steatosis. Semaglutide acetate can be used for the study of neurodegenerative diseases and liver diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, Parkinson's disease, metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), and cancer.
    Semaglutide acetate
  • HY-N0416
    Cucurbitacin B
    		Inducer 99.81%
    Cucurbitacin B belongs to a class of highly oxidized tetracyclic triterpenoids and is oral active. Cucurbitacin B inhibits tumor cell growth, migration and invasion and cycle arrest, but induces cell apoptosis. Cucurbitacin B has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective activity.
    Cucurbitacin B
  • HY-13523
    PAC-1
    		Inducer 99.88%
    PAC-1 is a procaspase-3 activator that induces apoptosis in cancer cells with an EC50 of 2.08 μM.
    PAC-1
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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