Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (MTHFD) Inhibitor

TH9619 is a potent inhibitor of dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities in both MTHFD1 and MTHFD2 with a IC₅₀ value of 47 nM, and selectively kills cancer cells. TH9619 induces apoptosis by blocking the S phase. TH9619 has antitumor activity.

DS44960156 is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor with moderate to low blood-brain barrier penetration (IC₅₀=1.6 μM, K_i=1.23 μM). DS44960156 specifically binds to the active site of MTHFD2, disrupts redox homeostasis and blocks serine-mediated one-carbon metabolism, thereby increasing the NAD⁺/NADH ratio and ROS levels. DS44960156 not only effectively inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells, but also enhances the sensitivity of cells to glutamine starvation-induced death. DS44960156 binds to plasma proteins, shows no mutagenicity, carcinogenicity or acute oral toxicity, and serves as a research agent for glioblastoma multiforme and other cancers.

TH9028 is an inhibitor of MTHFD1, MTHFD2 and MTHFD2L, with IC₅₀ values of 0.5 nM, 11 nM and 27 nM, respectively. TH9028 reduces replication fork speed, induces replication stress, triggers S-phase arrest, initiates apoptosis, impairs thymidine production, and causes erroneous uracil incorporation into DNA. TH9028 can be used in research related to acute myeloid leukemia.

MTHFD2-IN-7 is an orally active, selective MTHFD2 inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.038 μM and 7.44 μM against human hMTHFD1 and hMTHFD2, respectively. MTHFD2-IN-7 exerts its function by binding to the substrate-binding site of MTHFD2 and maintaining interactions with NAD+. Verified by TSA and DARTS assays, MTHFD2-IN-7 not only binds effectively to the target protein, but also possesses Caco-2 permeability and liver microsomal metabolic stability. MTHFD2-IN-7 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mice. MTHFD2-IN-7 also significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation and reduces tumor volume, and serves as a promising small-molecule tool for acute myeloid leukemia research.

MTHFD2-IN-8 is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.066 μM. MTHFD2-IN-8 directly binds to intracellular mitochondrially localized protein MTHFD2 and accumulates selectively in tumor mitochondria. MTHFD2-IN-8 increases intracellular ROS levels, induces mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, arrests cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, promotes apoptosis in cancer cells. MTHFD2-IN-8 inhibits tumor growth in a mouse colon cancer graft model.

Anticancer agent 310 is an antitumor agent. Anticancer agent 310 releases nitric oxide to induce mitochondrial ROS burst, triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and activates the Bax/Bcl-2-Cyt c-Caspase-9/Caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Anticancer agent 310 also reduces the levels of SHMT2 and MTHFD2, decreases the ratios of NADPH/NADP⁺ and GSH/GSSG, thereby disrupting redox homeostasis and exacerbating intracellular ROS accumulation. Anticancer agent 310 can be used in research related to gastric cancer.

MTHFD2-IN-4 is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor. MTHFD2-IN-4 binds to the substrate-binding site of MTHFD2, interacts with Arg43, Tyr84, Asn87, Lys88, Gln132 and Gly310, and does not interact with the key selective residues of MTHFD1. MTHFD2-IN-4 exerts its function through selective inhibition of MTHFD2 in cancer cells. MTHFD2-IN-4 can be used in cancer-related research.

MTHFD2-IN-1 is a MTHFD2 inhibitor with selectivity for MTHFD2 binding over MTHFD1. MTHFD2-IN-1 binds to the substrate-binding site of MTHFD2 and interacts with Arg43, Asn87, Lys88, Gln132, Gly310 and Tyr84. MTHFD2-IN-1 can be used in cancer-related research.

MTHFD2-IN-4 sodium is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor. MTHFD2-IN-4 sodium binds to the substrate-binding site of MTHFD2, interacts with Arg43, Tyr84, Asn87, Lys88, Gln132 and Gly310, and does not interact with the key selective residues of MTHFD1. MTHFD2-IN-4 sodium exerts its function through selective inhibition of MTHFD2 in cancer cells. MTHFD2-IN-4 sodium can be used in cancer-related research.

MTHFD2-IN-5 (Compound 16e) is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 66 nM. MTHFD2-IN-5 selectively inhibits MTHFD2. MTHFD2-IN-5 exhibits anticancer activity against acute myeloid leukemia. MTHFD2-IN-5 acts synergistically with Alimta to inhibit the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells.

MTHFD2-IN-2 is a selective MTHFD2 inhibitor with poor binding to MTHFD1. MTHFD2-IN-2 binds to the MTHFD2 substrate binding site, forming π-π stacking with Tyr84, hydrogen bond/salt-bridge contacts with Arg43 and Asn87, and lipophilic interactions with Ile276. MTHFD2-IN-2 exhibits predicted anticancer activity. MTHFD2-IN-2 can be used for the research of cancer.

MTHFD2-IN-6 is an orally active selective inhibitor of MTHFD2, with a human IC₅₀ of 1.46 μM. MTHFD2-IN-6 binds directly to MTHFD2, selectively inhibits cancer cell proliferation, promotes ROS accumulation in cancer cells, and induces cancer cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. MTHFD2-IN-6 inhibits tumor growth in Mus musculus xenograft models. MTHFD2-IN-6 can be used for lung cancer research.

MTHFD2-IN-3 is a selective inhibitor of MTHFD2. MTHFD2-IN-3 binds to the substrate-binding site of MTHFD2, forms hydrogen bonds with Arg43, Lys88, Gln132, Asn87 and Gly310, and undergoes π-π stacking with Tyr84. MTHFD2-IN-3 can be used in cancer-related research.

MTHFD1/2-IN-1 is an orally active dual MTHFD1/MTHFD2 inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 0.26 μM and 0.031 μM against human MTHFD1 and MTHFD2, respectively. MTHFD1/2-IN-1 blocks one-carbon metabolism by inhibiting the dehydrogenase activity of MTHFD1 as well as the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities of MTHFD2, thereby disrupting nucleotide biosynthesis and redox homeostasis in cancer cells. MTHFD1/2-IN-1 exhibits favorable Caco-2 permeability and hepatic microsomal metabolic stability. MTHFD1/2-IN-1 shows significant anti-leukemic activity, which not only reduces the viability of various leukemia cells but also inhibits tumor growth of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mouse models.

TH7299 is a TbFolD inhibitor with antiparasitic activity. TH7299 binds the tetrahydrofolate-binding pocket of MTHFD2, and inhibits MTHFD2L and the dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase domain of MTHFD1. TH7299 reduces cancer cells viability, induces apoptosis, DNA damage. TH7299 can be used for the researches of african trypanosomiasis and acute myeloid leukemia.