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Metformin

(Synonyms: 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide)
199 Cited Publications
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Based on 199 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin exerts central glucose-lowering effects by inhibiting Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) in SF1 hypothalamic neurons. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, Metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

  • Purity: 99.96%
  • CAS No.: 657-24-9
  • Formula: C4H11N5
  • Molecular Weight:129.17
  • Storage:

    -20°C, protect from light, stored under nitrogen

    * In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light, stored under nitrogen)

  • Metformin Chemical Structure
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Metformin Chemical Structure
    Metformin Chemical Structure
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
  • Experimental Validation Results for Metformin
CAS No.: 657-24-9
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  • Metformin Chemical Structure
    Metformin Chemical Structure
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    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nature. 2025 Feb;638(8052):1112-1121. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin (2 mM; 16 h) significantly inhibits the mRNA expression of FOXM1 downstream genes (CDC25B, CCNA2) in HEK293T cells.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 Mar 10:S2090-1232(25)00174-2. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     STAT3 levels in hBMSCs treated with metformin and the miR-140-3p inhibitor.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Res. 2023 Dec;33(12):904-922. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Cells were treated with mannose, MK-8722 (1 μM) or Metformin (1 mM) for 6 h. GSDME was immunoprecipitated using anti-GSDME antibody, and then the phosphorylation levels of GSDME T6 were detected.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2023 Aug:64:102786. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin hydrochloride (Metformin; 2, 6, 20 mM; 30 min) attenuates MGO-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in ARPE-19 cells.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2023 Aug:64:102786. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin hydrochloride (Met; 3, 6 mM; 30 min) inhibits MGO-induced the increased expression of Bax and caspase-3 cleavage and decreased expression of Bcl-2 in ARPE-19 cells.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Circulation. 2023 Jan 10;147(2):158-174. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin. Western blot analysis of CB2R in the heart from db/db diabetic (DM) mice at different ages.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Endocrinology. 2018 May 1;159(5):2008-2021. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Male C57BL/6 mice are intragastrically treated with Metformin or placebo at 3 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks in the presence of HFD after 10-week-HFD feeding and then sacrificed for sample collection. Western blot analysis of AMPKα1, AMPK, p-AMPK, SREBP1 and FAS.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15:138:49-60. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     PP5 overexpression suppresses AMPK-Thr172 phosphorylation induced by AMPK activators, AICAR and metformin. Hep3B cells are transfected with indicated plasmids and treated with AICAR (2 mM; 3 h) or Metformin (3 mM; 16 h) to simulate AMPK phosphorylation.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Cell Proteomics. 2017 Jul;16(7):1324-1334. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     To further validate the MS quantification results, Western blot analysis is carried out using an anti-H3K36 dimethylation antibody. Consistent with the mass spectrometric data, H3K36 dimethylation was elevated in DIO mouse livers, whereas Metformin treatment can significantly decrease histone H3K36 dimethylation in DIO mice to a level close to that of the chow-fed control mice.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Oncol. 2017 Aug;11(8):1035-1049. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Co-treatment of Metformin and Ribociclib induces cell death in Hep3B cells. Cells are exposed to Ribociclib at 25 μM and/or Metformin at 10 mM for 72 h.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Oncol. 2017 Oct;11(10):1475-1492. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     MiaPaCa-2 cells are treated with a gradient concentration of Metformin for 24 h, and then, western blotting is performed to show the activation of p-AMPK and the suppression of HSF1 and HSP70.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Oncol. 2017 Oct;11(10):1475-1492. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     (A) IHC staining of N-cadherin and E-cadherin in the pancreas from KPC mice treated with vehicle, Metformin, or KRIBB11. (B) Masson's trichrome staining and IHC staining of α-SMA in pancreatic tissues from mice treated with vehicle, Metformin, or KRIBB11.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Jul;54(5):3327-3341. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Met attenuates apoptosis caused by traumatic spinal cord injury in rat. a, b Representative western blots and quantification data of cleaved caspase 3 and β-actin in each group rats. c, d Representative western blots and quantification data of Bax, Bcl-2, and β-actin in each group rats.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cell Mol Med. 2017 Dec;21(12):3322-3336. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin prevents the loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins after SCI. Representative Western blots and quantification data of Occludin, Claudin-5, ZO-1 and β-actin at 3 day after injury.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44(4):1381-1395. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     U87 cells are treated with Met alone or in the presence of isogambogenic acid for 24 h. The expression levels of phosphorylated AMPK, mTOR and 4E-BP1 are assessed by western blotting, with total AMPK, mTOR and 4E-BP1 used as the internal controls.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Front Immunol. 2016 Dec 12:7:597. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin increases adenosine triphosphate-induced inflammasome activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. (A) Cells are treated. Indicated protein levels in both cell lysates and supernatants are evaluated by western blotting. β-Tubulin is used as a loading control for cell lysates. (B–D) The quantitative analyses of the active caspase-1p10 (B), mature interleukin-1β (C), and HMGB1 (D) levels in the supernatants (A) are shown.

  • 1/16

    Metformin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Front Pharmacol. 2016 Oct 20:7:390. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Metformin, an AMPK agonist, counteracts the effect of Piperine on suppressing ATP-induced AMPK activation and inflammatory mediator release. J774A.1 cells are pre-treated with 80 μM Piperine and BMDMs are pre-treated with 160 μM Piperine for 4 h. Without being washed out of Piperine, these cells are primed with LPS (500 ng/mL) for 4 h. Next, the cells are treated with Metformin (1 mM) for 1 h (in the absence of Piperine and LPS). Finally, in the presence of Metformin, the BMDMs are stimulated wi

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