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GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)

2 Cited Publications
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Based on 2 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a polypeptide hormone belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF-15 is also known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activating Gene-1 (NAG-1), placental transforming growth factor-β (PTGFB), prostate-derived factor (PDF), and placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB). GDF-15 binds to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha-like protein (GFRAL) and is involved in aging, cancer, and metabolic processes. GFRAL-GDF15 does not affect SMAD activity and activates intracellular signals including RET, AKT, ERK1/2, and phospholipase C (PLCγ). GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) has 112 amino acids expressed by P.pastoris yeast cells with N-terminal His tag.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
  • Species: Human
  • Source: P. pastoris
  • Storage:
    Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) Product Image
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  • Biological Activity
  • Technical Parameters
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Biological Activity

Description

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a polypeptide hormone belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF-15 is also known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activating Gene-1 (NAG-1), placental transforming growth factor-β (PTGFB), prostate-derived factor (PDF), and placental bone morphogenetic protein (PLAB). GDF-15 binds to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha-like protein (GFRAL) and is involved in aging, cancer, and metabolic processes. GFRAL-GDF15 does not affect SMAD activity and activates intracellular signals including RET, AKT, ERK1/2, and phospholipase C (PLCγ)[1]. GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) has 112 amino acids expressed by P.pastoris yeast cells with N-terminal His tag.

Background

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a polypeptide hormone belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF-15 was highly expressed in placenta, low in prostate and colon, and to some extent in kidney. So GDF-15 is also known as placental transforming growth factor PGF-β, placental bone morphogenetic protein PLAB, and prostatus-derived factor PDF. GDF-15 has a wide range of biological functions in physiology and pathology, especially in aging, cancer, and metabolic processes. GDF-15 is initially stored in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where it undergoes proteolytic hydrolysis upon external stimulation to form an active form that is quickly secreted into circulation. In mouse cardiomyocytes, the cleavage process of GDF-15 may be catalyzed by the enzymes of the PCSK family, resulting in a mature dimer form. Upstream of the GDF15 promoter site, there are binding sites for various transcription factors, including specific protein 1 (Sp1), early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), p53 and COUP transcription factor 1 (COUP-TF1). The receptor of GDF-15 is alpha-like protein (GFRAL), a receptor of the glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. The GFRAL-GDF15 complex binds to the tyrosine kinase co-receptor RET, leading to RET phosphorylation. Subsequently, GFRAL-GDF15 continued to activate the intracellular signaling pathways of AKT, ERK1/2, and phospholipase C (PLCγ), but not the SMAD pathway. GDF-15 is overexpressed during and after many pathological states such as tissue injury and inflammation. The stimulating factors that contribute to this result include oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), cytokines, and growth factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, angiotensin II, macrophage colony-stimulating factor M-CSF, and TGFβ. GDF-15, also known as the NSAIDS drug activator gene NAG-1, may play an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting macrophage activation. GDF-15 also inhibits the activity of NFκB or the expression of several cytokines, including interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). GDF-15 has significant resistance to endotoxin-induced sepsis caused by acute kidney injury (AKI) and myocardial dysfunction. GDF-15 also appears to promote tumor growth in the later stages of malignancy. Elevated serum GDF15 levels have been reported as potential biomarkers for cancer progression, including breast, colon, pancreatic, and prostate tumors, among others. In human and cynomolgus monkeys, the amino acid sequence similarity of GDF-15 protein was high, and the similarity rate was 91.56%. Compared with the amino acid sequences of mice and rats, the similarity of human GDF-15 was low (59.73% and 59.39%, respectively)[1].

In Vitro

GDF-15 (human; 1 ng/mL; 2 min) inhibits rapid neutrophil arrest induced by 1 ng/mL CXCL1 in vivo in an ALK-5 and TGF-βRII dependent way[2].
GDF-15 also has inhibitory effects on neutrophil integrin activation[2].

In Vivo

GDF-15 (4 μg; injected via the carotid artery) reduces the number of arrested leukocytes 1 minute after chemokine injection by 5% when compared with PBS injections[2].

Verified Bioactivity

Immobilized Recombinant Human GDF-15 / GDF15 Protein (His Tag) (Mature Form) at 2 μg/mL (100 μL/well) can bind Recombinant Human GFRAL Protein (Fc Tag), the EC50 is 1.0-21.4 ng/mL.

Technical Parameters

  • Species Human
  • Source P. pastoris
  • Tag N-10*His
  • Accession

    Q99988 (A197-I308)

  • Gene ID
    9518  [NCBI]
  • Molecular Construction
    • N-term
    • 10*His
    • GDF-15 (A197-I308)
      Accession # Q99988
    • C-term
  • Protein Length

    Full Length of Growth/differentiation factor 15 Chain

  • Synonyms

    GDF15; Placental Bone Morphogenetic Protein; Growth Differentiation Factor 15; Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1; MIC-1; NSAID-Activated Gene 1 Protein; NAG-1; NSAID-Regulated Gene 1 Protein; PTGFB; Placental TGF-Beta; PLAB; GDF-15; MIC1; NRG-1; PDF; NSAID

  • AA Sequence

    ARNGDHCPLGPGRCCRLHTVRASLEDLGWADWVLSPREVQVTMCIGACPSQFRAANMHAQIKTSLHRLKPDTVPAPCCVPASYNPMVLIQKTDTGVSLQTYDDLLAKDCHCI

  • Predicted Molecular Mass

    13.7 kDa

  • Molecular Weight

    Approximately 18 kDa, based on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, due to the glycosylation.

  • Purity

    ≥ 90%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

Product Properties

Appearance

Lyophilized powder

Formulation

Lyophilized from a 0.22 μm filtered solution of 50 mM HAC, pH 2.9, 5% trehalose, 5% Mannitol, 0.01% Tween-80.

Endotoxin Level

<1 EU/μg, determined by LAL method.

Reconstitution

It is not recommended to reconstitute to a concentration less than 100 μg/mL in ddH2O.

Storage & Stability

Stored at -20°C for 2 years from date of receipt. After reconstitution, it is stable at 4°C for 1 week or -20°C for longer (with carrier protein). It is recommended to freeze aliquots at -20°C or -80°C for extended storage.

Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

References

[1]. Assadi A, et al. GDF15, an update of the physiological and pathological roles it plays: a review. Pflugers Arch. 2020 Nov;472(11):1535-1546. [Content Brief]

[2]. Artz A, et al. GDF-15 inhibits integrin activation and mouse neutrophil recruitment through the ALK-5/TGF-βRII heterodimer. Blood. 2016 Jul 28;128(4):529-41. [Content Brief]

Calculators

Reconstitution Calculator

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The Specific Activity Calculator Equation
  • Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
  • Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) = 106 ÷ Biological Activity (ED50)

Specific Activity (Unit/mg) Specific Activity (Unit/mg)
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MOQ
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100 mg

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Measured by its ability to inhibit anti-CD3-induced proliferation of stimulated CTLL-2 mouse cytotoxic T cells. The ED50 this effect is 0.8023 μg/ml, corresponding to a specific activity is 1246.42 units/mg.

Assay Types
  • 1/16

    GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     CCK-8 assay showed the cell viability of MSCs with or without GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) ( GDF15, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL) pretreatment for 24 h under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results demonstrated that GDF15 pretreatment had a dose-dependent protective effect on MSCs under SD/H challenge, with the highest cell viability reached at a concentration of 50 ng/mL.

  • 1/16

    GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Representative images of TUNEL staining and quantitative analysis of apoptosis in MSCs and GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-pretreated MSCs under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results showed that GDF15 pretreatment significantly inhibited apoptosis.

  • 1/16

    GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the protein level of GFRAL in normoxia, SD/H and SD/H+GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-treated MSCs. The results showed that the expression of GFRAL was increased in MSCs under SD/H challenge and was further enhanced by GDF15 pretreatment.

  • 1/16

    GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Customer Validation
     Representative images of Ki67 staining and quantitative analysis of Ki67 positive cells in MSCs and GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-pretreated MSCs under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results showed that GDF15 pretreatment significantly improved the proliferative capacity of MSCs under SD/H challenge. Scale bar = 200 μm.

  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) Product Image
    1/16
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • Experimental Validation Results for GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His)
  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) Product Image

  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    CCK-8 assay showed the cell viability of MSCs with or without GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) ( GDF15, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL) pretreatment for 24 h under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results demonstrated that GDF15 pretreatment had a dose-dependent protective effect on MSCs under SD/H challenge, with the highest cell viability reached at a concentration of 50 ng/mL.

  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Representative images of TUNEL staining and quantitative analysis of apoptosis in MSCs and GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-pretreated MSCs under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results showed that GDF15 pretreatment significantly inhibited apoptosis.

  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Western blotting and quantitative analysis of the protein level of GFRAL in normoxia, SD/H and SD/H+GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-treated MSCs. The results showed that the expression of GFRAL was increased in MSCs under SD/H challenge and was further enhanced by GDF15 pretreatment.

  • GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024 Nov 10;15(1):412. [Abstract]

    Representative images of Ki67 staining and quantitative analysis of Ki67 positive cells in MSCs and GDF-15 Protein, Human (P.pastoris, His) (GDF15, 50 ng/mL; 24 h)-pretreated MSCs under normoxic or SD/H conditions. The results showed that GDF15 pretreatment significantly improved the proliferative capacity of MSCs under SD/H challenge. Scale bar = 200 μm.