2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-19696R
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tauroursodeoxycholate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tauroursodeoxycholate (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor. Tauroursodeoxycholate significantly reduces expression of apoptosis molecules, such as caspase-3 and caspase-12. Tauroursodeoxycholate also inhibits ERK.
    Tauroursodeoxycholate (Standard)
  • HY-W009776
    Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid
    		Inducer
    Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (Suberohydroxamic acid; SBHA) is a competitive and cell-permeable HDAC1 and HDAC3 inhibitor with ID50 values of 0.25 μM and 0.30 μM, respectively.Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid renders MM cells susceptible to apoptosis and facilitates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways.Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid can be used for the study of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).
    Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid
  • HY-N0757
    8-​O-​Acetylharpagide
    		Inducer 99.75%
    8-O-Acetylharpagide is an orally active iridoid glycoside compound. 8-O-Acetylharpagide exhibits anti-aging activity at low doses and anticancer activity at high doses. 8-O-Acetylharpagide induces late-stage apoptosis and necrosis-like death in cancer cells, and downregulates anti-apoptotic proteins such as Akt, p-Akt and Bcl-2. 8-O-Acetylharpagide is mainly metabolized in rats via demethylation, hydrolysis and glucuronidation, and its active metabolites downregulate the AKT/NF-κB/MMP9 signaling axis. 8-O-Acetylharpagide exerts vasoconstrictive effects by activating vascular α-adrenoceptor.
    8-​O-​Acetylharpagide
  • HY-137974
    8-Epixanthatin
    		Inducer 99.62%
    8-Epixanthatin is a potential colchicine binding site inhibitor isolated from Xanthium chinese Mill. 8-Epixanthatin can inhibit the activation of STAT3, induce apoptosis, and has anti-tumor activity.
    8-Epixanthatin
  • HY-W013724
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium
    		Inducer 99.08%
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium (IDP disodium) is a decoy substrate of NM23-H2. Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium has a superior bond capacity on GDP-binding pocket of NM23-H2 (KD: 5.0 μM). Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium abrogates c-MYC transcription, induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest by disrupting NM23-H2-Pu27-GQ interactions without affecting NM23-H2-mediated kinase properties. Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium has antihypoxic, antihyperthermic and antiarrhythmic activity and protects animals against the noxious effects of γ-irradiation. Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium can be used for cancers like Burkitt's lymphoma and cardiovascular diseases research.
    Inosine-5'-diphosphate disodium
  • HY-100176
    PF-4878691
    		99.89%
    PF-4878691 (3M-852A) is an orally active TLR7 agonist. PF-4878691 has the innate immune response activity, antiviral efficacy against HCV, and can be used for the research of cancer.
    PF-4878691
  • HY-18643
    TZ9
    		Inducer 99.45%
    TZ9 is a selective Rad6 inhibitor. TZ9 inhibits Rad6B-induced histone H2A ubiquitination, downregulates intracellular β-catenin, induces G2-M arrest and apoptosis, and inhibits the proliferation and migration of metastatic human breast cancer cells.
    TZ9
  • HY-B0261R
    Meloxicam (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Meloxicam (Standard) is the analytical standard of Meloxicam. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, inhibits COX activity, with IC50s of 0.49 μM and 36.6 μM for COX-2 and COX-1, respectively.
    Meloxicam (Standard)
  • HY-N0342R
    Scopoletin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Scopoletin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Scopoletin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Scopoletin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
    Scopoletin (Standard)
  • HY-130495
    CDDO-TFEA
    		Inducer 99.59%
    CDDO-TFEA (RTA 404; TP-500) is a trifluoroacetamide derivative of CDDO with enhanced ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. CDDO is an Nrf2 activator that inhibits proliferation and induces differentiation and apoptosis in various cancer cells. CDDO-TFEA can enhance Nrf2 expression and signaling in various neurodegenerative disease models, including those mimicking multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. CDDO-TFEA induces apoptosis and blocks colony formation in Ewing's sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 85-170 nM.
    CDDO-TFEA
  • HY-B1279
    Metamizole sodium hydrate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Metamizole sodium hydrate (Dipyrone) is an orally active cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor.. Metamizole sodium hydrate can inhibit cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis. Metamizole sodium hydrate has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Metamizole sodium hydrate is an antipyretic, analgesic and spasmolytic agent. Metamizole sodium hydrate can be used in research to relieve a variety of pain.
    Metamizole sodium hydrate
  • HY-N2736
    3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone
    		Inhibitor 99.04%
    3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone is an orally active inhibitor of OXA-48 (IC50 = 1.89 μM) and COX-1 (IC50 = 36.37 μM). 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone inhibits H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis and ROS accumulation, and exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects by suppressing the JNK-STAT1 pathway. 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone exhibits antimicrobial and antibiotic-modifying activities against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative enteric bacteria. 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation via NFATc1. 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone activates the CREB-BDNF axis and restores scopolamine (HY-N0296)-induced memory deficits in mice.
    3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone
  • HY-113225S5
    Guanosine triphosphate-13C10 dilithium
    		Inducer 99.4%
    Guanosine triphosphate-13C10 (GTP-13C10) dilithium is 13C-labeled Guanosine triphosphate (HY-113225). Guanosine triphosphate dilithium (GTP) is a critical nucleotide and regulator of cellular metabolism. Guanosine triphosphate dilithium promotes ribosomal DNA localization, pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis by binding to RNA polymerase I and GPN proteins (GPN1/3). Guanosine triphosphate dilithium links MYC-dependent ribosome biogenesis to nucleotide sufficiency, acts as a metabolic gatekeeper supporting protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis and cellular signal transduction, while also participating in the physiological activities of pancreatic β-cells and serving as an oxidative substrate for reactive oxygen species. In small cell lung cancer with high MYC expression, Guanosine triphosphate dilithium accumulates through the IMPDH-driven synthetic pathway, thereby affecting apoptosis and mitotic processes. Guanosine triphosphate dilithium is used in the research of small cell lung cancer, hepatoblastoma and cellular metabolism.
    Guanosine triphosphate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>10</sub> dilithium
  • HY-Y1004
    1-Decanol
    		Inducer 99.79%
    1-Decanol (Decyl alcohol) is a nematicidal agent derived from Houttuynia cordata, with an LC50 of 31.5 μg/mL against potato cyst nematodes (PCN). 1-decanol directly damages nematode surface structures, induces cellular apoptosis, and disrupts the oxidative stress regulation system, while also downregulating defense-related metabolic pathways in potato, thereby promoting the reallocation of metabolic resources from defense to growth. 1-Decanol can be used for the research of potato cyst nematode infestation.
    1-Decanol
  • HY-N13239
    Dandelion Extract
    Dandelion Extract is a dandelion extract, and its ingredients include: Flavone. Dandelion Extract can reduce LPS-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells by regulating cell polarization and apoptosis. Dandelion Extract can also reduce CuSO4-induced inflammatory response in zebrafish larvae..
    Dandelion Extract
  • HY-B0905A
    Tilmicosin phosphate
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    Tilmicosin (LY-177370) phosphate is an orally active calcium channel antagonist and macrolide antibiotic with antimicrobial activity. Tilmicosin phosphate mainly acts on the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, inhibiting protein synthesis. Tilmicosin phosphate is effective in the treatment of respiratory diseases in livestock such as cattle, sheep and pigs. In addition, Tilmicosin phosphate has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.
    Tilmicosin phosphate
  • HY-W013627
    trans,trans-2,4-Decadienal
    		Inducer 99.9%
    trans,trans-2,4-Decadienal is a lipid peroxidation product of linolieic acid.
    trans,trans-2,4-Decadienal
  • HY-B0215S
    Acetylcysteine-d3
    		Modulator
    Acetylcysteine-d3 is the deuterium labeled Acetylcysteine. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies.
    Acetylcysteine-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-B0617AR
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate (Standard) (S-Adenosyl methionine tosylate (Standard)) is the analytical standard of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate (HY-B0617A). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (S-Adenosyl methionine) tosylate is an orally active methyl group donor. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate is a dietary supplement with potent antidepressant effects. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate also has anti‑proliferative, pro‑apoptotic and anti‑metastatic roles in cancers. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate has the potential for, cancer, liver disease and osteoarthritis research.
    S-Adenosyl-L-methionine tosylate (Standard)
  • HY-18696
    AMG-337
    		Inducer 99.40%
    AMG-337 is a potent, orally active, selective MET kinase inhibitor with IC50 values of 1, 1, 4.7, 5, 21.5, 1077 and >4000 nM of WT MET, H1094R MET, M1250T MET, HGF-stimulated pMET (PC3 cells) MET, V1092I MET, Y1230H MET, and D1228H MET, respectively. AMG 337 inhibits the phosphorylation of MET and downstream effectors in MET-amplified cancer cell lines, resulting in an inhibition of MET-dependent cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.
    AMG-337
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity