GLUL - glutamate-ammonia ligase Gene

Also Known as GS; GLNS; PIG43; PIG59

Species: Homo sapiens

Gene Type: protein coding

Gene ID: 2752

About GLUL

Cytogenetic location: 1q25.3 Genomic coordinates (GRCh38): 1:182,378,098-182,391,790 (from NCBI)

This gene has 13 transcripts (splice variants), 297 orthologues, 1 paralogue and is associated with 3 phenotypes. Ubiquitous expression in fat (RPKM 227.2), brain (RPKM 128.5) and 24 other tissues.

Summary

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. It catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia in an ATP-dependent reaction. This protein plays a role in ammonia and glutamate detoxification, acid-base homeostasis, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Glutamine is an abundant amino acid, and is important to the biosynthesis of several Amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital glutamine deficiency, and overexpression of this gene was observed in some primary liver Cancer samples. There are six pseudogenes of this gene found on chromosomes 2, 5, 9, 11, and 12. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2014]

GLUL Products (3)

mRNA	Protein	Name
NM_001033044.4	NP_001028216.1	glutamine synthetase
NM_001033056.4	NP_001028228.1	glutamine synthetase
NM_002065.7	NP_002056.2	glutamine synthetase

Gene Ontology

Molecular Function
Biological Process
Cellular Component

Molecular Function GO Annotation	Evidence	References	Source
enables glutamine synthetase activity	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
enables identical protein binding	IPI IPI: Inferred from physical interaction	16189514	GOA
enables protein binding	IPI IPI: Inferred from physical interaction	21994455	GOA
enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA

Biological Process GO Annotation	Evidence	References	Source
involved in cell population proliferation	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	18662667	GOA
involved in protein palmitoylation	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in regulation of endothelial cell migration	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	IMP IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype	26711351	GOA
involved in regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
involved in ribosome biogenesis	IMP IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype	26711351	GOA

Cellular Component GO Annotation	Evidence	References	Source
located in cytosol	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA
located in plasma membrane	IDA IDA: Inferred from direct assay	30158707	GOA

EXP: Inferred from Experiment IDA: Inferred from direct assay IPI: Inferred from physical interaction IMP: Inferred from mutant phenotype IGI: Inferred from genetic interaction IEP: Inferred from expression pattern

GLUL Protein Structure

Gln-synt_N

Gln-synt_C

0
100
200
300
373 a.a.

Protein Preferred Names	Protein Names
glutamine synthetase	cell proliferation-inducing protein 59

GLUL Protein-protein interaction Information

Type	Protein Name	Protein ID	Interactor	Interactor Species	Interactor ID	Detection Method	References
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Pooling	16189514
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Pooling	19447967
Intra	GLUL	P15104	TCHP	Homo sapiens	Q9BT92	Anti Tag CoIP	33961781
Intra	GLUL	P15104	NUDT18	Homo sapiens	Q6ZVK8	Y2H Pooling	16189514
Intra	GLUL	P15104	TCHP	Homo sapiens	Q9BT92	Anti Tag CoIP	28514442
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H	21988832
Intra	GLUL	P15104	DMXL2	Homo sapiens	Q8TDJ6	Anti Tag CoIP	33961781
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	31515488
Intra	GLUL	P15104	DMXL2	Homo sapiens	Q8TDJ6	Anti Tag CoIP	28514442
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	25416956
Intra	GLUL	P15104	GLUL	Homo sapiens	P15104	Y2H Array	25502805
Intra	GLUL	P15104	PB2	Influenza A virus	B4URF7	BiFC	21994455

Cross: Cross-species interaction Intra: Intraspecies interaction

Recombinant GLUL Proteins

Cat. No.	Product Name	Accession	Purity
HY-P70294	Glutamine synthetase/GLUL Protein, Human (His)	P15104 (T2-N373)	≥ 95%, as determined by reducing SDS-PAGE.

GLUL Antibodies

Cat. No.	Product Name	Application	Reactivity
HY-P80408	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA751)	WB, IHC-P, FC	Human, Mouse
HY-P80691	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA405)	WB	Mouse, Rat
HY-P80691A	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA405)(PBS only)	WB	Mouse, Rat
HY-P84107	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA3804)	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, ELISA	Human, Mouse
HY-P84107A	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA3804)(PBS only)	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, ELISA	Human, Mouse
HY-P85817	Glutamine synthetase Antibody (YA5509)	WB, ICC/IF, ELISA, IHC-P	Human, Mouse, Rat
HY-P86524	Glutamine Synthetase Antibody (YA6216)	WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, IP, ELISA	Human, Mouse, Rat

Related Diseases

Diseases	Alias
Glutamine Deficiency, Congenital	Congenital Brain Dysgenesis Due To Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency Glutamine Synthase Deficiency, Congenital Systemic Congenital Glutamine Deficiency Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency, Congenital Systemic Inherited Gs Deficiency Inherited Glutamine Synthetase Deficiency Congenital Systemic Glutamine Deficiency CSGD
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Liver Cancer Primary Liver Cancer HCC Hepatoma Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver Liver Neoplasms Cancer, Hepatocellular Liver Cell Carcinoma Lcc Hepatoblastoma, Somatic Hepatic Cancer Primary Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver Rare Tumor Of Liver And Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Somatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Childhood Type, Somatic Hepatocellular Cancer, Somatic Ca Liver - Primary Hepatic Neoplasm Malignant Hepato-Biliary Neoplasm Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver, Not Specified As Primary Or Secondary Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver, Primary Malignant Tumor Of Liver Neoplasm Of Liver Non-Resectable Primary Hepatic Malignant Neoplasm Resectable Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver Resectable Malignant Neoplasm Of The Liver Primary Liver Carcinoma Primary Malignant Liver Neoplasm Primary Cancer Of Liver Primary Tumor Of The Liver Rare Tumor Of Liver And Ibt Hepatocellular Cancer Neoplasm Of The Liver Carcinoma, Hepatocellular Hepatomas Liver Neoplasm Liver Carcinoma Liver And Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma Malignant Hepatobiliary Neoplasm Adult Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatoblastoma Carcinoma Of Liver Malignant Liver Tumour Malignant Hepatic Tumour
Hepatic Encephalopathy	Encephalopathy, Hepatic Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy Hepatoencephalopathy He - [Hepatic Encephalopathy] Hepatic Encephalopathy Nos Hepatic Encephalopathy, Stage Unspecified Hepatic Coma Hepatocerebral Encephalopathy Hepatocerebral Intoxication
Hepatocellular Adenoma	Adenoma Hepatocellular
Brain Edema	Cerebral Edema Intracranial Swelling Wet Brain
Liver Benign Neoplasm	Epithelial Hepatic And Intrahepatic Bile Duct Neoplasm
Reye Syndrome	Reye'S Syndrome Rasmussen Encephalitis Fatty Liver With Encephalopathy Rasmussen'S Encephalitis Re Rs Rasmussen Syndrome Liver Fatty Metamorphosis--Acute Encephalopathy Syndrome Reye Encephalopathy
Retinal Detachment	Retinal Detachments Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Ruptured Retina With Detachment Retinal Hole With Detachment
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy	Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Temporal Lobe
Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency	5-Oxoprolinuria Pyroglutamic Aciduria Pyroglutamicaciduria Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency With 5-Oxoprolinuria GSSD Oxoprolinase Deficiency 5-Oxoprolinemia Deficiency Of Glutathione Synthase Deficiency Of Glutathione Synthetase Pyroglutamic Acidemia GSS DEFICIENCY Gluthathione Synthetase Deficiency 5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency
Oligodendroglioma	Oligodendroglial Neoplasm Oligodendroglial Tumor Oligodendroglial Tumors Well Differentiated Oligodendroglioma
Preretinal Fibrosis	Cellophane Maculopathy Macular Puckering Of Retina Macular Retinal Puckering Epiretinal Membrane
Vitreoretinopathy, Neovascular Inflammatory	Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Adniv Autosomal Dominant Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy VRNI Pvr Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy Vitreoretinopathy, Neovascular Inflammatory, Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Proliferans Neovascular Inflammatory Vitreoretinopathy Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinopathy Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Proliferative Vitreo-Retinopathy
Peliosis Hepatis	Hepatic Peliosis Telangiectasis Of Liver Angiomatosis Of Liver Ph - [Peliosis Hepatis] Hepatic Angiomatosis
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatic Coma	Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatocerebral Intoxication
Hyperinsulinism	Hyperinsulinemia
Fibrolamellar Carcinoma	Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma Fhcc Fibrolamellar Hepatocarcinoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Fibrolamellar Oncocytic Hepatocellular Tumor Eosinophilic Glassy Cell Hepatoma Eosinophilic Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Lamellar Fibrosis Fl-Hcc Fibrolamellar Oncocytic Hepatoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Increased Stromal Fibrosis Polygonal Cell Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Fibrous Stroma
Epilepsy	Epilepsy Syndrome Epileptic Syndrome Epilepsies Symptomatic Epilepsies Post Traumatic Epilepsy Traumatic Epilepsy Traumatic Epileptic Epilepsy Due To Hippocampal Sclerosis Epilepsy With Ammon'S Horn Sclerosis Epilepsy Due To Cortical Dysplasia Epilepsy Due To Neuronal Migration Disorders
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1	Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS Lou Gehrig Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Type 1 Charcot Disease ALS1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Susceptibility To Fals Lou Gehrig'S Disease Mnd Motor Neuron Disease Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, Autosomal Dominant Motor Neuron Disease, Bulbar Motor Neurone Disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis With Dementia Dementia With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Motor Neuron Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Sclerosis, Lateral, Amyotrophic Sclerosis, Lateral, Amyotrophic, Type 1 Amyotrophic Sclerosis Als - [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis] Wasting Palsy Amyotrophic Paralysis Amyotrophy Lateral Sclerosis Wasting Paralysis Spinal Progressive Amyotrophy Progressive Atrophic Paralysis
Schizophrenia	SCZD Schizophrenia With Or Without An Affective Disorder Schizophrenia 12 Schizophrenia, Susceptibility To Schizophrenia-1 Dementia Praecox Schizophrenia 1
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis 1	Tuberculosis Tuberculoma Tuberculosis, Susceptibility To Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Susceptibility To, 1 Mtbs1 TB
Alzheimer Disease, Familial, 1	Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer'S Disease Presenile And Senile Dementia AD1 Alzheimer Disease, Susceptibility To Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset, Susceptibility To Alzheimer Disease 1, Familial AD Familial Alzheimer Disease Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset Alzheimers Dementia Alzheimer Dementia Alzheimer Sclerosis Alzheimer Syndrome Alzheimer-Type Dementia Dat Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia Sdat Alzheimer Disease 1 Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer Disease, Early-Onset, With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease Alzheimer'S Disease Pathway Kegg Dementia Due To Alzheimer'S Disease Alzheimer Disease Type 1 Alzheimers
Myopathy	Muscular Diseases Myopathies
Adult Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Adult Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Adult Hepatoma Adult Hcc
Parkinson Disease, Late-Onset	Parkinson Disease Parkinson'S Disease PD PARK Parkinson Disease, Susceptibility To Late Onset Parkinson'S Disease Late Onset Parkinson Disease Paralysis Agitans Primary Parkinsonism Idiopathic Parkinson Disease Parkinson'S Parkinson Disease, Late-Onset, Susceptibility To Parkinson Disease, Age Of Onset, Modifier Lewy Body Parkinson Disease Idiopathic Parkinson'S Disease Pd - [Parkinson Disease] Parkinson Disease Nos Parkinson, Nos Primary Parkinson Disease
Nervous System Disease	Abnormality Of The Nervous System Nervous System Diseases Nervous System Disorder
Retinitis Pigmentosa	RP Rod-Cone Dystrophy Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa Non-Syndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa Pericentral Pigmentary Retinopathy Pigmentary Retinopathy Tapetoretinal Degeneration Rcd Retinitis Pigmentosa Autosomal Recessive ARRP Retinitis Pigmentosa, Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa 1
Fundus Dystrophy	Retinal Dystrophy Retinal Dystrophies Dystrophy, Retinal

Diseases	Alias
Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia	Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia Of Waldenstrom Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma With Igm Gammopathy Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Waldenstroem'S Macroglobulinemia Macroglobulinemia Of Waldenstrom Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma With Igm Gammopathy Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma

Related Agents

Pre-clinical Phase

Pre-clinical Phase

Bioactive Molecules (3)

Cat. No.	Product Name	Effect	Purity	Rare Diseases
HY-RS05509	GLUL Human Pre-designed siRNA Set A	Pre-designed Set	/	Unkown
HY-RS17491	Glul Mouse Pre-designed siRNA Set A	Pre-designed Set	/	Unkown
HY-RS23948	Glul Rat Pre-designed siRNA Set A	Pre-designed Set	/	Unkown

Orthologs Information

Species	Symbol	Source	ID
Rattus norvegicus	GLUL	RGD	RGD:2710
Mus musculus	GLUL	MGD	MGI:95739
Felis catus	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:97445
Canis familiaris	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:103678
Macaca mulatta	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:99962
Bos taurus	GLUL	VGNC	VGNC:29426
Others	GLUL	NCBI