Art. -Nr.: HY-D0714

Tetrazolium Red

(Synonyms: 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TPTZ; TTC)

12 Cited Publications

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Based on 12 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Tetrazolium Red (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TTC) is a not brain-penetrant, colorless, water-soluble dye that is reduced by mitochondrial enzymes to a deep red, water-insoluble compound (formazan) mainly in the mitochondria of living cells. Tetrazolium Red is used to observe the activity of dehydrogenase, and it turns colorless to red when exposed to hydrogen. Tetrazolium Red distinguishes between surviving and infarcted brain tissue after stroke. Tetrazolium Red has been used to stain heart tissue to measure the extent of acute lesions and also used to stain brain tissue to detect the size of the infarcted area. The absorption wavelength of Tetrazolium Red is 570 nm.

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Reinheit: 99.93%
CAS. Nr.: 298-96-4
Formel: C₁₉H₁₅ClN₄
Molecular Weight:334.80

Speicherung:

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Tetrazolium Red Chemical Structure

CAS. Nr.: 298-96-4

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biologische Aktivität
- Beschreibung
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (12)
Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Reinheit & Dokumentation
Verweise
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biologische Aktivität

Beschreibung

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
CHO	IC₅₀	71 μM Compound: tetrazolium red	Toxicity in CHO cells Toxicity in CHO cells	[PMID: 18078758]

In Vitro

Tetrazolium Red staining of the size of the ischemic area^[3]:
1) Preparation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs)
HUMSCs are dissociated from the infants and cultured by 10% fetal bovine serum in DMEM at 37°C.
2) Animal Surgery
The rats are are anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and are performed MCAO surgery and reperfusion.
NOTE: MCAO surgery, a hole was drilled by the right orbit to expose the right middle cerebral artery. The artery was ligated at the same time as both common carotid arteries were clamped simultaneously for 90 minutes, after which the ligature and clamping clips were removed to restore blood flow.
3) Transplantation of HUMSCs
A total of 5x10⁵ HUMSCs are grafted into the infarct cortex of each rat 24 hours after MCAO by 2 injections.
4) Infarct Cortex Identification
Rats are deeply anesthetized and decapitated. Coronal sections of the brains were sliced at 2 mm, immersed in 2% Tetrazolium Red, and then fixed with 10% formalin.
5) Data analysis (digital images)
The size of the infarct area, which is devoid of red staining is determined on the digital images using ImagePro software.
Tetrazolium Red staining of cell proliferation and viability measurement^[4]:
1) Preparation: 2-5 mg/mL Tetrazolium Red in PBS.
2) Isolated cells are counted manually with a hemocytometer and then various concentrations (5x10⁴ to 1x10⁶ are plated into 24-well culture plates, fed 1 mL of control culture media and returned to the incubator for a 24 h period to allow for cell to reattach to the plastic culture plates.
3) The next day, media is removed and cells are fed 1 mL fresh media, and then 200 mL of 5 mg/mL Tetrazolium Red is added to each well so that final concentration is 0.83 mg/mL Tetrazolium Red. Plates are returned to the incubator (37°C) for a 4 h incubation period.
4) Media is removed and 1 mL of isopropanol is added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystals. Optical density is measured at 570 nm.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Tetrazolium Red staining of brain damage and the size of the infarct area^[1]:
1)For lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensititized neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI), LPS (0.3 mg/kg) is i.p.-injected to 5-day-old CD1 mice at 72 h before HI. At postnatal day 8, mice are anesthetized by 2% isoflurane and subjected to permanent ligation of the right common carotid artery. Mice recover for 1.5 h and are then exposed to hypoxia in glass chambers containing 10% oxygen and 90% N2 in a waterbacth kept at 37°C. After hypoxic exposure, mice are returned to dams in the animal care facility. The in-vivo Tetrazolium Red-labeling procedure is performed at 48 h recovery.
2)Mannitol (0.5 M-1.4M) prepared in PBS at a temperature of 37°C is IP-injected to animals (~0.1 mL/g body weight) for 5 to 180 min to disrupt blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Mice are anesthetized with avertin and transcardially perfused of PBS followed by 10 mL of 2% Tetrazolium Red. At 10 min after transcardial Tetrazolium Red perfusion, the brains of animals are removed and placed into 4% paraformaldehyde. Alternatively, the extracted brains can be incubated in warm phosphate-saline buffer (PBS) for 30 min to enhance Tetrazolium Red-staining. Brains are removed and divided into the contralateral (the left cortex) and lesion sides (the right cortex) for protein extraction.
3)Data analysis (digital images): Brain damage is expressed as the ratio of the infarcted area (white area) to the area of the undamged, contralateral hemisphere.

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Chemical Information

CAS. Nr. 298-96-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 334.80
Formel C₁₉H₁₅ClN₄
Color White to light yellow
SMILES

C1(C2=CC=CC=C2)=NN(C3=CC=CC=C3)[N+](C4=CC=CC=C4)=N1.[Cl-]
Synonyms

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TPTZ; TTC
Versand

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Speicherung

4°C, sealed storage, away from moisture and light

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light)

Publications (12)

All Histological Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Nat Cardiovasc Res

Spastin-mediated severing of glutamylated microtubules controls cardiomyocyte coupling. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;5(4):366-382. PMID: 41946976
Mol Med

Inhibition of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 provides neuroprotection by inhibiting ferroptosis in ischemic stroke. [Abstract]

2025 May 15;31(1):191. PMID: 40375180

Tetrazolium Red purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Mol Med. 2025 May 15;31(1):191. [Abstract]

Tetrazolium Red (TTC) (2%; 30 min; 37 ℃) staining showed the effect of DGAT1 inhibition on MCAO-induced infarct volume in MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion) rat brains.
Molecules

Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Effects of Various Forms of Garlic and Ramsons. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 8;28(18):6512. PMID: 37764288
Neuropharmacology

Artesunate demonstrates neuroprotective effect through activation of lysosomal function and inhibition of cGAS-STING pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1:272:110426. PMID: 40118208

Tetrazolium Red purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Neuropharmacology. 2025 Jul 1:272:110426. [Abstract]

Tetrazolium Red (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TTC) (2%; 37 ℃) staining was used to evaluate the effect of artesunate on cerebral ischemic injury in BCCAO (bilateral common carotid artery occlusion) rats.
ACS Chem Neurosci

Developing Intravenous Delivery of Water-Soluble Prodrugs of Idebenone for the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 17;16(18):3541-3553. PMID: 40886294

Tetrazolium Red purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: ACS Chem Neurosci. 2025 Sep 17;16(18):3541-3553. [Abstract]

Tetrazolium Red (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride; TTC) (2%) staining of brain sections in tMCAO (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) rats.
FASEB J

The CCL11-CCR3 Axis Regulates the Aggravation of Neuroinflammation in Astrocytic Necroptosis After Cerebral Ischemia. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 15;40(1):e71373. PMID: 41447092

Tetrazolium Red purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: FASEB J. 2026 Jan 15;40(1):e71373. [Abstract]

Tetrazolium Red (TTC) (2%; 15 min; 37 ℃) staining showed changes in infarct volume of IS (ischemic stroke) rats' brains over various time points following ischemia.

Tetrazolium Red purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: FASEB J. 2026 Jan 15;40(1):e71373. [Abstract]

Tetrazolium Red (TTC) (2%; 15 min; 37 ℃) staining showed changes in infarct volume of IS (ischemic stroke) rats' brains after inhibiting CCR3 and statistical analysis.
Saudi Pharm J

Antifibrotic effect of the P2X7 receptor antagonist A740003 against acute myocardial infarction-induced fibrotic remodelling. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;32(7):102102. PMID: 39035363
J Cardiovasc Dev Dis

tsRNA-3025a Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Autophagy to Inhibit Myocardial Regeneration and Repair Following Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 12;13(6):266. PMID: 42346486
Histol Histopathol

Naoluotong granules inhibit necroptosis of neural cells and improve cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating the RIP1/NIK/IKKα/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 20:25035. PMID: 41556105
Lett Drug Des Discov

2026 May 5.
SSRN

2025 Sep 19.
Research Square Print

2022 May.

Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit

In Vitro:

H₂O : 50 mg/mL (149.34 mM; Need ultrasonic)

DMSO : 14 mg/mL (41.82 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.9869 mL

14.9343 mL

29.8686 mL

5 mM

0.5974 mL

2.9869 mL

5.9737 mL

10 mM

0.2987 mL

1.4934 mL

2.9869 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture and light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molaritätsrechner

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Konzentration Konzentration

Volumen Volumen

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Verdünnungsrechner

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} × Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} = Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} × Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)} Konzentration _{(Stammlösung)}

Volumen _{(Stammlösung)} Volumen _{(Stammlösung)}

Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)} Konzentration _{(Ziellösung)}

Volumen _{(Ziellösung)} Volumen _{(Ziellösung)}

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.99 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.99 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (4.99 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.67 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (16.7 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 25 mg/mL (74.67 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Reinheit & Dokumentation

Select Batch:

Reinheit: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (286 KB)
SDS (604 KB)
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- Portuguese - PT (604 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

Verweise

[1]. Sun YY, et al. Mannitol-facilitated perfusion staining with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) for detection of experimental cerebral infarction and biochemical analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2012 Jan 15;203(1):122-9. [Content Brief]

[2]. Bederson JB, et al. Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke. 1986 Nov-Dec;17(6):1304-8. [Content Brief]

[3]. Lin YC, et al. Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells promote recovery after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011 Jul;42(7):2045-53. [Content Brief]

[4]. Sylvester PW. Optimization of the tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay for cellular growth and viability. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;716:157-68. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO / H₂O	1 mM	2.9869 mL	14.9343 mL	29.8686 mL	74.6714 mL
	5 mM	0.5974 mL	2.9869 mL	5.9737 mL	14.9343 mL
	10 mM	0.2987 mL	1.4934 mL	2.9869 mL	7.4671 mL
	15 mM	0.1991 mL	0.9956 mL	1.9912 mL	4.9781 mL
	20 mM	0.1493 mL	0.7467 mL	1.4934 mL	3.7336 mL
	25 mM	0.1195 mL	0.5974 mL	1.1947 mL	2.9869 mL
	30 mM	0.0996 mL	0.4978 mL	0.9956 mL	2.4890 mL
	40 mM	0.0747 mL	0.3734 mL	0.7467 mL	1.8668 mL
H₂O	50 mM	0.0597 mL	0.2987 mL	0.5974 mL	1.4934 mL
	60 mM	0.0498 mL	0.2489 mL	0.4978 mL	1.2445 mL
	80 mM	0.0373 mL	0.1867 mL	0.3734 mL	0.9334 mL
	100 mM	0.0299 mL	0.1493 mL	0.2987 mL	0.7467 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Keywords

Tetrazolium Red

12 Cited Publications

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Tetrazolium Red

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Tetrazolium Red

Biologische Aktivität

Chemical Information

Publications (12)

Lösungsmittel & Löslichkeit

Reinheit & Dokumentation

Verweise

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Tetrazolium Red Related Classifications

HY-D0714 Related Classifications