2. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Apoptosis Immunology/Inflammation Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
  3. Mitochondrial Metabolism Cytochrome P450 TNF Receptor Interleukin Related HSP LDLR Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) ClpP
  4. TBPH

TBPH is a brominated flame retardant. TBPH enhances hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). TBPH induces dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism, reducing cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylserine (PS) levels. TBPH leads to impaired endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria (ER-Mito) contacts, subsequently causing mitochondrial dysfunction. TBPH induces lung injury through an inflammatory response mediated by mitochondria-derived ds-DNA. TBPH can be used to study the role of MFN2-mediated ER-mitochondria contacts in lipid metabolism homeostasis.

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TBPH

TBPH Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 26040-51-7

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Liquid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of TBPH:

TBPH Related Antibodies

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Description

TBPH is a brominated flame retardant. TBPH enhances hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). TBPH induces dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism, reducing cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylserine (PS) levels. TBPH leads to impaired endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria (ER-Mito) contacts, subsequently causing mitochondrial dysfunction. TBPH induces lung injury through an inflammatory response mediated by mitochondria-derived ds-DNA. TBPH can be used to study the role of MFN2-mediated ER-mitochondria contacts in lipid metabolism homeostasis[1][2].

In Vitro

TBPH (5-50 μM, 48 h) promotes NASH progression by disrupting MFN2-regulated ER-Mito contacts in NASH LOs model[1].
TBPH (0-20 μg/mL, 48 h) decreases cell proliferation ability, causes oxidative stress, increase lung tissue fibrosis, causes the release of ds-DNA from lung mitochondria, which activates c-GAS-STING in TC-1 and BEAS-2B cells[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

TBPH Related Antibodies

RT-PCR[1]

Cell Line: NASH LOs model
Concentration: 5 μM, 50 μM
Incubation Time: 48 h
Result: Upregulated the transcriptional levels of oxidative stress-related genes (CYP2E1 and CYP1A2), fibrosis-related genes (COL3A1, COL4A1, LOXL2, TIMP1, VIM), and inflammation-related genes (TNF-α, IL-8).

Immunofluorescence[1]

Cell Line: NASH LOs model
Concentration: 5 μM, 50 μM
Incubation Time: 48 h
Result: Decreased colocalization of mitochondria (HSP60) and ER (GRP78), indicating reduced ER-Mito contacts.

Western Blot Analysis[1]

Cell Line: NASH LOs model
Concentration: 5 μM, 50 μM
Incubation Time: 48 h
Result: Decreased MFN2 level, increased UPRmt markers (HSP60, SOD2) and ER stress markers (GRP78, ATF6).

Western Blot Analysis[1]

Cell Line: TC-1 and BEAS-2B cells
Concentration: 0 μg/mL, 0.2 μg/mL, 2 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL
Incubation Time: 48 h
Result: Inhibited the expression of CyclinD1 and promoted the phosphorylation of Rb, increased the expression levels of CDK2/4 and P53.
Increased the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, p-IκB and p-P65.
Up-regulated the expression of FN and α-SMA, Down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin.
In Vivo

TBPH (20-200 mg/kg, i.g., once a day, 4 weeks) enhances hepatic lipid accumulation and metabolic dysfunction, accelerates inflammatory responses and fibrotic progression, disrupts hepatic phospholipid homeostasis and hepatocytic ER-Mito contacts, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress, in the liver in methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH mouse model[1].
TBPH (20-200 mg/kg, i.g., once a day, 4 weeks) does not alter liver morphology and does not change the hepatosomatic index, but impairs hepatocytic ER-Mito contacts, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in normal diet (ND) mice model[1].
TBPH (0-100 μg/mL, i.g., once a day, 4 weeks) causes oxidative damage to lung cells and triggers inflammatory responses in lung cells and tissues in C57 mice[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: MCD diet-induced NASH mouse (Male C57BL/6, 8-9 weeks old, 22-25 g) model[1]
Dosage: 20 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg
Administration: i.g., once a day, 4 weeks
Result: Exacerbated hepatic pathology, increased the hepatosomatic index, enhanced lipid accumulation, decreased serum HDL and CHO levels, alongside elevated hepatic TG and serum LDL levels.
Augmented hepatic steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, enhanced fibrotic deposition, increased steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and NASH scores, elevated serum levels of AST and ALT.
Reduced the abundance of cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), while increasing phosphatidic acid (PA) levels.
Disrupted lipid metabolism associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, altered the negative intrinsic curvature of membranes.
Reduced colocalization of ER and mitochondria in liver tissues, increased the physical distance between ER and mitochondria and reduced contact sites.
Caused a marked reduction in mitochondrial cristae, disrupted cristae junctions (CJs), and disorganization of cristae membranes in hepatocytes, reduced overall oxygen consumption and ATP content.
Increased HSP60, SOD2, mitochondrial proteases (LONP1, ClpP), GRP78, Atf6, eIF2α, and Chop levels, decreased the MFN2 protein level.
Animal Model: ND mice (Male C57BL/6, 8-9 weeks old, 22-25 g) model[1]
Dosage: 20 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg
Administration: i.g., once a day, 4 weeks
Result: Did not significantly alter liver morphology, did not change the hepatosomatic index.
Affected C14:0 metabolism, fatty acids with 13-15 carbon chains, and mitochondrial metabolic processes, altered the negative intrinsic curvature of membranes.
Reduced colocalization of ER and mitochondria in liver tissues, increased the physical distance between ER and mitochondria and reduced contact sites.
Elevated the protein levels of mitochondrial chaperone HSP60, SOD2, GRP78, Atf6, eIF2α, and Chop, decreased the MFN2 protein level.
Animal Model: C57 mice model[2]
Dosage: 0 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 30 μg/mL L, 60 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL
Administration: i.g., once a day, 4 weeks
Result: Induced capillary congestion in the alveolar wall and obvious inflammatory cell infiltration.
Increased the expression levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, eotaxin, MCP-1, MIP-2, RANTES, p16, p21, P65, and p-IκB proteins, and decreased the expression level of cell proliferation marker (Ki67).
Up-regulated the expression of FN, α-SMA, and TGF-β, down-regulated the expression of E-cadherin, and increases the content of collagen fibers in the lungs.
Increased ROS and MDA levels, and decreased GSH, SOD, and CAT expression levels.
Molecular Weight

706.14

Formula

C24H34Br4O4
CAS No.
Appearance

Liquid (Density: 1.529±0.06 g/cm3)

Color

Light yellow to yellow

SMILES

O=C(OCC(CC)CCCC)C1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C1C(OCC(CC)CCCC)=O
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

Store at room temperature 3 years

In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : ≥ 175 mg/mL (247.83 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 1.4161 mL 7.0807 mL 14.1615 mL
5 mM 0.2832 mL 1.4161 mL 2.8323 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% Corn Oil

    Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (7.08 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
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Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: ≥95.0%

SDS (394 KB)

COA (250 KB) HNMR (121 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 1 year; -20°C, 6 months. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 1 year. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 6 months.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 1.4161 mL 7.0807 mL 14.1615 mL 35.4037 mL
5 mM 0.2832 mL 1.4161 mL 2.8323 mL 7.0807 mL
10 mM 0.1416 mL 0.7081 mL 1.4161 mL 3.5404 mL
15 mM 0.0944 mL 0.4720 mL 0.9441 mL 2.3602 mL
20 mM 0.0708 mL 0.3540 mL 0.7081 mL 1.7702 mL
25 mM 0.0566 mL 0.2832 mL 0.5665 mL 1.4161 mL
30 mM 0.0472 mL 0.2360 mL 0.4720 mL 1.1801 mL
40 mM 0.0354 mL 0.1770 mL 0.3540 mL 0.8851 mL
50 mM 0.0283 mL 0.1416 mL 0.2832 mL 0.7081 mL
60 mM 0.0236 mL 0.1180 mL 0.2360 mL 0.5901 mL
80 mM 0.0177 mL 0.0885 mL 0.1770 mL 0.4425 mL
100 mM 0.0142 mL 0.0708 mL 0.1416 mL 0.3540 mL
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  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

TBPH26040-51-7Mitochondrial MetabolismCytochrome P450TNF ReceptorInterleukin RelatedHSPLDLREukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF)ClpPCYPsTumor Necrosis Factor ReceptorTNFRILHeat shock proteinsLow-density lipoprotein receptorCaseinolytic protease PBrominated Flame RetardantNASHNASH LOs modelMFN2Inhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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