2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-W008646R
    7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    NADH (disodium salt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of NADH (disodium salt). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is a NOS uncoupling inducer with blood-brain barrier permeability, and it is a reduced non-conjugated pteridine. 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is the main metabolite of 4-amino-tetrahydro-L-biopterin, and it undergoes photooxidation to form biopterin. 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin promotes the conversion of nitric oxide synthase to a superoxide-producing form, thereby increasing oxidative stress levels in the renal outer medulla and inducing apoptosis. 7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin is sensitive to the inhibitory effect of SOD, and it can be applied to research related to salt-sensitive hypertension, moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases.
    7,8-Dihydro-L-biopterin (Standard)
  • HY-N0076R
    Bilobalide (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Bilobalide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Bilobalide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits the NMDA-induced efflux of choline with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM. Bilobalide prevents apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. Exerts protective and trophic effects on neurons.
    Bilobalide (Standard)
  • HY-B1272AS
    Desipramine-d4
    		98.93%
    Desipramine-d4 is the deuterium labeled Desipramine (HY-B1272A). Desipramine is a first-generation tricyclic antidepressant. Desipramine selectively binds to norepinephrine transporter and blocks neuronal norepinephrine reuptake. Desipramine activates MAPK signaling via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, represses NF-κB and AP-1 activity, and induces apoptosis via ROS elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and intracellular calcium increase. Desipramine also shows anyi-inflammatory activity, inhibiting TNF-α production. Desipramine can be used for the research of hepatocellular cancer, inflammation, and neurological diseases.
    Desipramine-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-10181R
    Dasatinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dasatinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dasatinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a highly potent, ATP competitive, orally active dual Src/Bcr-Abl inhibitor with potent antitumor activity. The Kis are 16 pM and 30 pM for Src and Bcr-Abl, respectively. Dasatinib inhibits Bcr-Abl and Src with IC50s of <1.0 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively. Dasatinib also induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Dasatinib (Standard)
  • HY-110315
    Ischemin sodium
    		Inhibitor 99.32%
    Ischemin sodium is a CBP bromodomain inhibitor that inhibits p53 interaction with CBP and transcriptional activity in cells. Ischemin sodium salt inhibits p53-induced p21 activation with an IC50 value of 5 µM. Ischemin sodium salt also prevents apoptosis in ischemic cardiomyocytes. Ischemin sodium salt can be used in the study of cardiovascular diseases (such as myocardial ischemia).
    Ischemin sodium
  • HY-B1461
    Deoxyarbutin
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Deoxyarbutin is an orally active tyrosinase inhibitor that can promote apoptosis of melanoma cells, enhance the vitality of mouse acinar cells, and has skin whitening and anti-tumor activity[1][2][3].
    Deoxyarbutin
  • HY-B0515B
    Ibandronate Sodium
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Ibandronate Sodium is an orally active, selective inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPP synthase). Ibandronate Sodium can block the mevalonate pathway to inhibit the isoprenylation modification of small GTPases (such as RAS, RHO family proteins), induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit bone resorption. Ibandronate Sodium inhibits tumor cell proliferation (such as ER+ breast cancer cells), promotes the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene FAS, and can produce synergistic anti-tumor effects with anti-estrogen compounds. Ibandronate Sodium is used in the study of osteoporosis and bone metastatic tumors (such as breast cancer bone metastasis).
    Ibandronate Sodium
  • HY-W007355R
    Skatole (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Skatole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Skatole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Skatole (3-methylindole) is a heterocyclic compound naturally found in the feces of vertebrates and can be found in certain plants. Skatole can be produced by intestinal bacteria, inducing apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells through activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) and p38. Skatole has been used in specific products of the perfume industry or as a flavor additive in ice cream.
    Skatole (Standard)
  • HY-41045
    (Rac)-Taltobulin intermediate-1
    		Control 99.11%
    (Rac)-Taltobulin intermediate-1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of Taltobulin (HY-15584). Taltobulin is a common toxin component in ADC preparation (ADC Cytotoxin), and it is also a powerful tubulin (Microtubule/Tubulin) inhibitor. Taltobulin disrupts tubulin polymerization, induces mitotic arrest, and induces apoptosis.
    (Rac)-Taltobulin intermediate-1
  • HY-113455S
    9(S)-HODE-d4
    		Inducer 98.03%
    9(S)-HODE-d4 (Alpha-dimorphecolic acid-d4) is the deuterium labeled 9(S)-HODE (HY-113455). 9(S)-HODE (Alpha-dimorphecolic acid) is the major active derivative of Linoleic acid (HY-N0729). 9(S)-HODE regulates the expression of miR-361-3p. 9(S)-HODE reduces cancer cell viability and induces cancer cell apoptosis. 9(S)-HODE can be used in the research of acute myeloid leukemia.
    9(S)-HODE-d<sub>4</sub>
  • HY-N0882
    Desacetylcinobufotalin
    		Inducer 99.41%
    Desacetylcinobufotalin is an active component isolated from Venenum Bufonis, which exhibits significant cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells (IC50 = 0.0279 µmol/mL). Desacetylcinobufotalin upregulates Bax protein expression, downregulates Bcl-2 protein expression, and induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Desacetylcinobufotalin inhibits cancer cell survival, and shows lower cytotoxicity compared to its parent compound Cinobufagin (HY-N0421). Desacetylcinobufotalin can be used in hepatocellular carcinoma-related research.
    Desacetylcinobufotalin
  • HY-N15458
    5,6,7,8,4'-Pentahydroxyflavone
    		Inducer
    5,6,7,8,4'-Pentahydroxyflavone (Compound 2b) is a flavonoid with antitumor activity. 5,6,7,8,4'-Pentahydroxyflavone exerts cytotoxic effects via inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.
    5,6,7,8,4'-Pentahydroxyflavone
  • HY-N7707
    Sandacanol
    		Inducer 99.29%
    Sandacanol is a specific agonist of olfactory receptor (OR10H1). Sandacanol induces cell cycle arrest and some apoptosis in bladder cancer cells.
    Sandacanol
  • HY-B0116R
    Stavudine (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Stavudine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Stavudine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Stavudine (d4T) is an orally active nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). Stavudine has activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Stavudine also inhibits the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Stavudine reduces NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulates Amyloid-β autophagy. Stavudine induces apoptosis.
    Stavudine (Standard)
  • HY-14658B
    (R)-Thalidomide
    		Inducer 99.80%
    (R)-Thalidomide ((R)-(+)-Thalidomide) is the R-enantiomer of Thalidomide. (R)-Thalidomide has psychomotor stabilizing properties.
    (R)-Thalidomide
  • HY-122949
    Momordicine I
    		Inducer
    Momordicine I is a cucurbitane-type triterpenoids. Momordicine I suppresses glioma growth by promoting apoptosis and impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Momordicine I inhibits glycolysis, lipid metabolism, induces autophagy in HNC cells to suppress head and neck cancer growth. Momordicine I alleviates isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through suppression of PLA2G6 and DGK-ζ. Momordicine I exerts its cardiovascular benefits by upregulating nitric oxide, inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Momordicine I inhibits AKT1, IL-6, and SRC, suggesting its potential application in type 2 diabetes.
    Momordicine I
  • HY-N0273R
    Brassinolide (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Brassinolide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Brassinolide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Brassinolide is a predominant plant growth modulator that regulate plant cell elongation.
    Brassinolide (Standard)
  • HY-B2035
    Pretilachlor
    		Inducer 99.25%
    Pretilachlor is a chloroacetamide herbicide with biological activities including endocrine disruption, oxidative stress induction, apoptosis induction, and immunotoxicity. Pretilachlor exerts its effects by interfering with hormone metabolism, inducing oxidative stress, activating apoptotic pathways, and inhibiting immune functions. Pretilachlor upregulates the transcription of P53, Mdm2, and Bbc3, and increases the activities of Caspase3 and Caspase9; it upregulates the transcription of genes in the HPG/HPT axis and the activity of aromatase; it induces oxidative stress, elevates ROS levels, and upregulates CAT, SOD, and GPX. Pretilachlor downregulates the transcription of CXCL-C1C, IL-1β, and IL-8. Pretilachlor disrupts the normal physiological processes and embryonic development of fish, exhibiting significant toxicity. Pretilachlor can be used in studies related to weeding, environmental pollution, and behavioral toxicity in fish.
    Pretilachlor
  • HY-Y1787R
    Dimethyl malonate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dimethyl malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Dimethyl malonate is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and hydrolyse to malonate. Dimethyl malonate reduces neuronal apoptosis.
    Dimethyl malonate (Standard)
  • HY-40354R
    Tofacitinib (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Tofacitinib (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tofacitinib. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tofacitinib is an orally available JAK3/2/1 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively.
    Tofacitinib (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity