2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N1446
    Oleic acid
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.
    Oleic acid
  • HY-B0011
    Docetaxel
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Docetaxel (RP-56976) is a microtubule depolymerization inhibitor, with an IC50 of 0.2 μM. Docetaxel attenuates the effects of bcl-2 and bcl-xL gene expression. Docetaxel arrests the cell cycle at G2/M and leads to cell apoptosis. Docetaxel has anti-cancer activity.
    Docetaxel
  • HY-13605
    Cytarabine
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, causes S phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits DNA polymerase. Cytarabine inhibits DNA synthesis with an IC50 of 16 nM. Cytarabine has antiviral effects against HSV. Cytarabine shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity.
    Cytarabine
  • HY-13636
    Fulvestrant
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Fulvestrant (ICI 182780) is a pure antiestrogen and a potent estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with an IC50 of 9.4 nM. Fulvestrant is also a GPR30 agonist. Fulvestrant effectively inhibits the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells with an IC50 of 0.29 nM. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and has antitumor efficacy.
    Fulvestrant
  • HY-10221
    Vorinostat
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Vorinostat (SAHA) is a potent and orally active pan-inhibitor of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 (Class I), HDAC6 and HDAC7 (Class II) and HDAC11 (Class IV), with ID50 values of 10 nM and 20 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Vorinostat induces cell apoptosis. Vorinostat is also an effective inhibitor of human papillomaviruse (HPV)-18 DNA amplification.
    Vorinostat
  • HY-14519
    Methotrexate
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Methotrexate (Amethopterin), an antimetabolite and antifolate agent, inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, thereby preventing the conversion of folic acid into tetrahydrofolate, and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Methotrexate, also an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent, is used for the research of rheumatoid arthritis and a number of different cancers (such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia).
    Methotrexate
  • HY-40354
    Tofacitinib
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Tofacitinib is an orally available JAK3/2/1 inhibitor with IC50s of 1, 20, and 112 nM, respectively.
    Tofacitinib
  • HY-50895
    Gefitinib
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Gefitinib (ZD1839) is a potent, selective and orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor with an IC50 of 33 nM. Gefitinib selectively inhibits EGF-stimulated tumor cell growth (IC50 of 54 nM) and that blocks EGF-stimulated EGFR autophosphorylation in tumor cells. Gefitinib also induces autophagy and cell apoptosis, which can be used for cancer related research, such as Lung cancer and breast cancer .
    Gefitinib
  • HY-10218
    Everolimus
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Everolimus (RAD001) is a Rapamycin (HY-10219) derivative and a potent, selective, orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable mTOR1 inhibitor. Everolimus binds to FKBP-12 to generate an immunosuppressive complex. Everolimus inhibits tumor cells proliferation and induces cell apoptosis and autophagy. Everolimus has potent immunosuppressive and anticancer activities.
    Everolimus
  • HY-N0005
    Curcumin
    		Modulator 98.84%
    Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane), a natural phenolic compound, is a p300/CREB-binding protein-specific inhibitor of acetyltransferase, represses the acetylation of histone/nonhistone proteins and histone acetyltransferase-dependent chromatin transcription. Curcumin is a photosensitizer against microorganisms. Curcumin shows inhibitory effects on NF-κB and MAPKs, and has diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Curcumin induces stabilization of Nrf2 protein through Keap1 cysteine modification.
    Curcumin
  • HY-10448
    Capsaicin
    		Inducer 99.99%
    Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin induces a nociceptive response by binding to its receptors. Capsaicin has analgesic effects on neurological disorders. Capsaicin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects.
    Capsaicin
  • HY-18982
    Anisomycin
    		Inducer 99.82%
    Anisomycin is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor which interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system. Anisomycin is a JNK activator, which increases phospho-JNK. Anisomycin is a bacterial antibiotic.
    Anisomycin
  • HY-15244
    Alpelisib
    		Inducer 99.95%
    Alpelisib (BYL-719) is an orally active PI3Kα-selective inhibitor that blocks the conversion of PIP2 to PIP3, thereby inhibiting pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, Notch and JAK-STAT. Alpelisib also induces apoptosis, G0/G1 phase arrest and senescence; it significantly inhibits the proliferation, self-renewal, stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells, reduces cancer stem cell populations and decreases the expression of stem cell markers. Alpelisib not only enhances the sensitivity to Eribulin (HY-13442) and exerts a synergistic effect with Paclitaxel (HY-B0015), but may also induce drug resistance by upregulating the SGK3/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Alpelisib can be applied to research related to breast cancer, gastric cancer and lipomas associated with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome.
    Alpelisib
  • HY-17502
    Simvastatin
    		Inducer 99.56%
    Simvastatin (MK 733) is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase with a Ki of 0.2 nM.
    Simvastatin
  • HY-10585
    Valproic acid
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Valproic acid (VPA) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor, with IC50 in the range of 0.5 and 2 mM. Valproic acid inhibits HDAC1 (IC50, 400 μM), and induces proteasomal degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits proliferation in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic disease, HIV infection and prevention of migraine headaches.
    Valproic acid
  • HY-16749
    Pexidartinib
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) is a potent, orally active, selective, and ATP-competitive colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R or M-CSFR) and c-Kit inhibitor, with IC50s of 20 and 10 nM, respectively. Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) exhibits 10- to 100-fold selectivity for c-Kit and CSF1R over other related kinases. Pexidartinib (PLX-3397) induces cell apoptosis and has anti-tumor activity. Pexidartinib has limited permeability to the blood-brain barrier, primarily through ABCB1.
    Pexidartinib
  • HY-134836
    STM2457
    		Inducer 99.57%
    STM2457 is a first-in-class, highly potent, selective and orally active METTL3 inhibitor with an IC50 of 16.9 nM. STM2457 can be used for the research of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
    STM2457
  • HY-B0075
    Melatonin
    		Modulator 99.93%
    Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activate melatonin receptor and inhibit PANoptosis. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.
    Melatonin
  • HY-B1081A
    Oxidopamine hydrobromide
    		Inducer 99.42%
    Oxidopamine (6-OHDA) hydrobromide is an antagonist of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Oxidopamine hydrobromide is a widely used neurotoxin and selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons. Oxidopamine hydrobromide promotes COX-2 activation, leading to PGE2 synthesis and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β secretion. Oxidopamine hydrobromide can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
    Oxidopamine hydrobromide
  • HY-16560
    Camptothecin
    		Inducer 99.77%
    Camptothecin (CPT), a kind of alkaloid, is a DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor with an IC50 of 679 nM. Camptothecin (CPT) exhibits powerful antineoplastic activity against colorectal, breast, lung and ovarian cancers, modulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activity by changing microRNAs (miRNA) expression patterns in human cancer cells.
    Camptothecin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity