2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-13653
    (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate
    		Inducer 99.75%
    (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) is a major polyphenol in green tea, which can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase 1/2 (GDH1/2, GLUD1/2) activity. (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate has a potent anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against various types of cancers such as colorectal cancer, myeloid leukemia, thyroid carcinoma.
    (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate
  • HY-B0069
    Fludarabine
    		Inducer 99.73%
    Fludarabine (NSC 118218) is a DNA synthesis inhibitor and a fluorinated purine analogue with antineoplastic activity in lymphoproliferative malignancies. Fludarabine inhibits the cytokine-induced activation of STAT1 and STAT1-dependent gene transcription in normal resting or activated lymphocytes.
    Fludarabine
  • HY-B0318
    Metronidazole
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Metronidazole is an orally active nitroimidazole antibiotic. Metronidazole can cross blood brain barrier. Metronidazole can be used for the research of anaerobic infections.
    Metronidazole
  • HY-13755
    Sulforaphane
    		Inducer 99.75%
    Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Sulforaphane
  • HY-12529
    Ro-3306
    		Inducer 99.83%
    Ro-3306 is a potent and selective inhibitor of CDK1, with Kis of 20 nM, 35 nM and 340 nM for CDK1, CDK1/cyclin B1 and CDK2/cyclin E, respectively.
    Ro-3306
  • HY-101445
    Trolox
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Trolox is an analogue of vitamin E with a powerful antioxidant effect. Trolox is also a powerful inhibitor of membrane damage.
    Trolox
  • HY-13823
    C646
    		Inducer 99.88%
    C646 is a selective and competitive histone acetyltransferase p300 inhibitor with Ki of 400 nM, and is less potent for other acetyltransferases.
    C646
  • HY-100487
    TAK-243
    		Inducer 99.86%
    TAK-243 (MLN7243) is a first-in-class, selective ubiquitin activating enzyme, UAE (UBA1) inhibitor (IC50=1 nM), which blocks ubiquitin conjugation, disrupting monoubiquitin signaling as well as global protein ubiquitination. TAK-243 (MLN7243) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, abrogates NF-κB pathway activation and promotes apoptosis.
    TAK-243
  • HY-N0162
    Luteolin
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Luteolin (Luteoline), a flavanoid compound, is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor. Luteolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis, in several cancer cell lines, including human non-small lung cancer cells.
    Luteolin
  • HY-10261
    Afatinib
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Afatinib (BIBW 2992) is an orally active, potent and irreversible dual specificity inhibitor of ErbB family (EGFR and HER2), with IC50 values of 0.5 nM, 0.4 nM, 10 nM and 14 nM for EGFRwt, EGFRL858R, EGFRL858R/T790M and HER2, respectively. Afatinib can be used for the research of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gastric cancer.
    Afatinib
  • HY-16569
    Colchicine
    		Modulator 99.86%
    Colchicine, an orally active alkaloid, is a potent tubulin inhibitor and a microtubule disrupting agent. Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization with an IC50 of 3 nM. Colchicine is also a competitive antagonist of the α3 glycine receptors (GlyRs). Colchicine prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced small intestinal injury by inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Colchicine has extensive anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and strong anti-fibrosis effects and has the potential for gouty arthritis research.
    Colchicine
  • HY-P9904
    Atezolizumab
    		Inducer 99.9%
    Atezolizumab (MPDL3280A) is a selective humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), used for cancer research.
    Atezolizumab
  • HY-B0350A
    Sodium butyrate
    		Inducer 99.76%
    Sodium Butyrate (sodium butanoate) is an inhibitor of HDAC, possessing anti-tumor activity.
    Sodium butyrate
  • HY-111783
    AZD-7648
    		Inducer 99.86%
    AZD-7648 is a potent, orally active, selective DNA-PK inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.6 nM. AZD-7648 induces apoptosis and shows antitumor activity.
    AZD-7648
  • HY-14608
    L-Glutamic acid
    		Inducer 99.96%
    L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases. L-Glutamic acid acts at ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
    L-Glutamic acid
  • HY-10255A
    Sunitinib
    		Inducer 99.04%
    Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with IC50s of 80 nM and 2 nM for VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ, respectively. Sunitinib, an ATP-competitive inhibitor, effectively inhibits autophosphorylation of Ire1α by inhibiting autophosphorylation and consequent RNase activation.
    Sunitinib
  • HY-12163
    Entinostat
    		Inducer 99.98%
    Entinostat is an oral and selective class I HDAC inhibitor, with IC50s of 243 nM, 453 nM, and 248 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, respectively.
    Entinostat
  • HY-100599
    Urolithin A
    		Inducer 99.71%
    Urolithin A, a gut-microbial metabolite of ellagic acid, exerts anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant properties. Urolithin A induces autophagy and apoptosis, suppresses cell cycle progression, and inhibits DNA synthesis.
    Urolithin A
  • HY-10455
    Carfilzomib
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Carfilzomib (PR-171) is an irreversible proteasome inhibitor with an IC50 of 5 nM in ANBL-6 and RPMI 8226 cells.
    Carfilzomib
  • HY-B0228
    Adenosine
    		Inducer 99.96%
    Adenosine (Adenine riboside), a ubiquitous and BBB-permeable endogenous autacoid, acts through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Adenosine affects almost all aspects of cellular physiology, including neuronal activity, vascular function, platelet aggregation, and blood cell regulation.
    Adenosine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity