(-)-Epicatechin
Based on 15 publication(s) in Google Scholar
(-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 98.85%
- CAS No.: 490-46-0
- Formula: C15H14O6
- Molecular Weight:290.27
-
Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) (-)-Epicatechin
More- J Adv Res. 2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. [Abstract]
- Food Chem. 2025 Dec 30:497:146992. [Abstract]
- Food Chem. 2025 May 31:489:144992. [Abstract]
- Anal Chem. 2025 Dec 19. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2026 Jun 17;74(23):18051-18071. [Abstract]
- Ind Crops Prod. 2026 May 8;246:123392.
- Ind Crops Prod. 2025 Dec 11;239:122458.
- Int J Mol Sci. 2026 May 10;27(10):4235. [Abstract]
- J Nutr Biochem. 2025 Sep 9:147:110106. [Abstract]
- Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 May:316:110992. [Abstract]
- Biomed Chromatogr. 2025 Nov;39(11):e70225. [Abstract]
- Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2025 Dec 15;39(23):e10134. [Abstract]
- Patent. US20230014181.
- Int J Insect Sci. 2018 Feb 28:10:1179543318758409. [Abstract]
-
Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
-
In Vivo Efficacy Study
-
In Vivo Efficacy Study
-
Histological Imaging/Staining
-
Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
More
Biological Activity
|
COX-1 3.2 μM (IC50) |
|
Cell Line
|
Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A549 | ED50 |
>10 μg/mL
Compound: 47
|
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
|
[PMID: 1431932] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 17
|
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 p40 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
|
[PMID: 25769817] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 17
|
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-6 production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
|
[PMID: 25769817] |
| BMDC | IC50 |
>50 μM
Compound: 17
|
Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
Inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production in wild-type C57BL/6 mouse BMDC pretreated with compound for 1 hr before LPS treatment measured 16 hrs by ELISA
|
[PMID: 25769817] |
| BV-2 | IC50 |
47.37 μM
Compound: 11
|
Antineuroinflammatory activity in human BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction
Antineuroinflammatory activity in human BV2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production after 24 hrs in presence of LPS by Griess reaction
|
[PMID: 27623545] |
| DLD-1 | IC50 |
>25 μM
Compound: 11
|
Cytotoxicity against human DLD1 cells
Cytotoxicity against human DLD1 cells
|
[PMID: 18039011] |
| DLD-1 | IC50 |
415 μM
Compound: epicatechin
|
Inhibition of COX2 mRNA expression in human DLD1 cells
Inhibition of COX2 mRNA expression in human DLD1 cells
|
[PMID: 16038536] |
| HCT-8 | ED50 |
>10 μg/mL
Compound: 47
|
Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
|
[PMID: 1431932] |
| HeLa | IC50 |
>25 μM
Compound: 11
|
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells
Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells
|
[PMID: 18039011] |
| HUVEC | IC50 |
>100 μM
Compound: 37
|
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase in Homo sapiens (human) HUVEC cells
Inhibition of NADPH oxidase in Homo sapiens (human) HUVEC cells
|
10.1007/s00044-012-0353-y |
| KB | ED50 |
>10 μg/mL
Compound: 47
|
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
Cytotoxicity against human KB cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
|
[PMID: 1431932] |
| L929 | EC50 |
300 μM
Compound: epicatechin
|
Inhibition of recombinant human TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity of mouse L929 cells assessed as survivality preincubated for 15 mins before TNFalpha addition measured after 24 hrs by crystal violet staining
Inhibition of recombinant human TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity of mouse L929 cells assessed as survivality preincubated for 15 mins before TNFalpha addition measured after 24 hrs by crystal violet staining
|
[PMID: 9287415] |
| L929 | EC50 |
350 μM
Compound: epicatechin
|
Inhibition of recombinant human TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity of mouse L929 cells assessed as survivality preincubated for 15 mins before TNFalpha addition measured after 24 hrs by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation assay
Inhibition of recombinant human TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity of mouse L929 cells assessed as survivality preincubated for 15 mins before TNFalpha addition measured after 24 hrs by [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation assay
|
[PMID: 9287415] |
| LNCaP | EC50 |
13 μM
Compound: 1
|
Decrease in androgen receptor protein expression in LNCaP cells by Western blotting
Decrease in androgen receptor protein expression in LNCaP cells by Western blotting
|
[PMID: 17383188] |
| MT4 | CC50 |
136.2 μg/mL
Compound: 11
|
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human MT4 cells by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 10425115] |
| MT4 | IC50 |
34.1 μg/mL
Compound: 11
|
Antiviral activity against HIV infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
Antiviral activity against HIV infected in human MT4 cells assessed as inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 10425115] |
| PC-3 | IC50 |
>500 μM
Compound: 2
|
In vitro inhibitory concentration against PC-3 cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
In vitro inhibitory concentration against PC-3 cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
|
[PMID: 15380225] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
>50 μg/mL
Compound: (-)-epi-Catechin
|
Antiaggregatory activity in human platelets assessed as inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by aggregometry
Antiaggregatory activity in human platelets assessed as inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by aggregometry
|
[PMID: 21106454] |
| Platelet | IC50 |
22.22 μg/mL
Compound: (-)-epi-Catechin
|
Antiaggregatory activity in human platelets assessed as inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by aggregometry
Antiaggregatory activity in human platelets assessed as inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by aggregometry
|
[PMID: 21106454] |
| SK-OV-3 | IC50 |
>500 μM
Compound: 2
|
In vitro inhibitory concentration against SKOV3 cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
In vitro inhibitory concentration against SKOV3 cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
|
[PMID: 15380225] |
| TE-671 | ED50 |
>10 μg/mL
Compound: 47
|
Cytotoxicity against human TE671 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
Cytotoxicity against human TE671 cells by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assay
|
[PMID: 1431932] |
| U-373MG ATCC | IC50 |
>500 μM
Compound: 2
|
In vitro inhibitory concentration against U373MG cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
In vitro inhibitory concentration against U373MG cell line in MTT assay was determined after 3 days incubation
|
[PMID: 15380225] |
| Vero | IC50 |
184.1 μM
Compound: 5
|
Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 4 hrs by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against african green monkey Vero cells after 4 hrs by MTT assay
|
[PMID: 16724851] |
(-)-Epicatechin exhibits >95% inhibitory activity at 70 μg/mL against cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM[1]. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. In RINm5F cells, (-)-Epicatechin is shown to block the inhibition of insulin release after addition of IL-1β. Additionally, (-)-Epicatechin is shown to inhibit the proliferation of Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and Jurkat T cells, which is attributed to the ability of (-)-Epicatechin to inhibit the binding of NF-κB to DNA in these cells. In human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells, combining 20?μM Panaxadiol with 150, 200, or 250?μM (-)-Epicatechin results in growth inhibition of 51%, 97%, and 95%, respectively. The combination also increases the apoptosis level by 11.9%, 16.6%, and 25.8%, as examined by annexin V/PI staining[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
-
CAS No. 490-46-0
-
Appearance Solid
-
Molecular Weight 290.27
-
Formula C15H14O6
-
Color White to light yellow
-
SMILES
O[C@H]1[C@@H](C2=CC=C(O)C(O)=C2)OC3=CC(O)=CC(O)=C3C1
-
Synonyms
(-)-Epicatechol; Epicatechin; epi-Catechin
-
Structure Classification
-
Initial Source
-
Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
-
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (15)
-
Journal Impact Factor
-
Most Recent
-
J Adv Res
Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a drug target for reversing cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. [Abstract]2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. PMID: 40389113
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. [Abstract]
The survival rates and IC50 of A549-R when treated with (-)-Epicatechin (EC, 5-320 μM, 24-72 h) individually.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. [Abstract]
(-)-Epicatechin (EC, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally injected, once every 3 days for 8 times). Tumor images and tumor weight of each group (n = 6) in A549-R xenograft tumor models.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. [Abstract]
(-)-Epicatechin (EC, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally injected, once every 3 days for 8 times). Tumor volume and body weight of each group during administration in A549 xenograft tumor models.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Adv Res. 2025 May 17:S2090-1232(25)00347-9. [Abstract]
(-)-Epicatechin (EC, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally injected, once every 3 days for 8 times). H&E staining of tumor tissues of each group.
-
Food Chem
Effects of sun drying combined with baking processes on the flavor quality of Chongqing Tuocha raw tea. [Abstract]2025 Dec 30:497:146992. PMID: 41285060 -
Food Chem
Flavonoid-mediated metabolic underpinning quality variation in red bud-sport pear mutants. [Abstract]2025 May 31:489:144992. PMID: 40466530 -
Anal Chem
Noninvasive Dynamic Cell Viability Monitoring Based on Diffraction Height Fingerprint Spectra. [Abstract]2025 Dec 19. PMID: 41417584 -
J Agric Food Chem
(-)-Epicatechin Protects against Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens by Integrating Multitarget Mechanisms via ERα Signaling. [Abstract]2026 Jun 17;74(23):18051-18071. PMID: 42231735 -
-
-
Int J Mol Sci
Enhanced Anti-Atherogenic Effects of Epicatechin and Hydroxytyrosol in THP-1 Macrophages: An Integrated In Silico and In Vitro Study. [Abstract]2026 May 10;27(10):4235. PMID: 42196218 -
J Nutr Biochem
The role of GPER-mediated AMPKα signal in the prevention effect of (-)-epicatechin on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. [Abstract]2025 Sep 9:147:110106. PMID: 40935199 -
Viruses
Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor. [Abstract]2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. PMID: 32033244
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
Cytotoxicity assay of soluble EGCG and (-)-Epicatechin (EC). PK-15 cells were added with a concentration of 0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 μM EGCG or EC and cultured for 24 h, 72 h and 120 h, respectively. Cell vitality was detected by CCK8 assay.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
One-step growth curve of PCV2 with EGCG treatment. PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 at MOI = 1.0 and cultured with 100 μM EGCG or (-)-Epicatechin (EC) treatment. TCID50 at various time points were determined by IFA and calculated according to the Reed-Muench method.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
EGCG inhibited the infectivity of PCV2. PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 at MOI=1.0 with EGCG or (-)-Epicatechin (EC, 10-100 μM) addition. The expression inhibition of PCV2 capsid protein was detected by immunoblotting at 72 hpi.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
EGCG inhibited the infectivity of PCV2. PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 at MOI=1.0 with EGCG or (-)-Epicatechin (EC, 10-100 μM) addition. PCV2 genome copies were measured by real-time PCR.
(-)-Epicatechin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Viruses. 2020 Feb 4;12(2):176. [Abstract]
EGCG inhibited the infectivity of PCV2. PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 at MOI=1.0 with EGCG or (-)-Epicatechin (EC, 10-100 μM) addition. Indirect IFA detection of PCV2 infected cells.
-
Vet Microbiol
The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607 -
Biomed Chromatogr
Investigation Into the Chemical Constituents and Cytotoxic Effects on Lung Cancer Cells of the Rhizomes of Polygonum bistorta L. and Polygonum paleaceum Wall. [Abstract]2025 Nov;39(11):e70225. PMID: 40984030 -
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom
Chemical Profiling of Chixiaodou Danggui San Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry With Data Mining Strategy. [Abstract]2025 Dec 15;39(23):e10134. PMID: 40907972 -
-
Int J Insect Sci
Do Bioflavonoids in Juniperus virginiana Heartwood Stimulate Oviposition in the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata?. [Abstract]2018 Feb 28:10:1179543318758409. PMID: 29531477
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (344.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 2 mg/mL (6.89 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.61 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.61 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
-
-
-
-
Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
-
%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
-
%+
-
+%Tween-80 + +
-
%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocol
Mice[3]
1-year-old, male C57BL/6N mice (n=25) are randomized into four groups. Mice in the (-)-Epicatechin groups 3 and 4 are given 1.0 mg/kg twice a day (morning and evening) for 15 consecutive days, whereas animals in the control groups 1 and 2 receive the vehicle (water). Both (-)-Epicatechin and vehicle are administered via oral gavage[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Purity & Documentation
-
Data Sheet (277 KB)
-
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
-
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Waffo-Téguo P, et al. Potential cancer-chemopreventive activities of wine stilbenoids and flavans extracted from grape (Vitis vinifera) cell cultures. Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):173-9. [Content Brief]
[2]. Shay J, et al. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2015;2015:181260. [Content Brief]
[3]. Nogueira L, et al. (-)-Epicatechin enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle. J Physiol. 2011 Sep 15;589(Pt 18):4615-31. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 3.4451 mL | 17.2253 mL | 34.4507 mL | 86.1267 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.6890 mL | 3.4451 mL | 6.8901 mL | 17.2253 mL | |
| DMSO | 10 mM | 0.3445 mL | 1.7225 mL | 3.4451 mL | 8.6127 mL |
| 15 mM | 0.2297 mL | 1.1484 mL | 2.2967 mL | 5.7418 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1723 mL | 0.8613 mL | 1.7225 mL | 4.3063 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1378 mL | 0.6890 mL | 1.3780 mL | 3.4451 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1148 mL | 0.5742 mL | 1.1484 mL | 2.8709 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0861 mL | 0.4306 mL | 0.8613 mL | 2.1532 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0689 mL | 0.3445 mL | 0.6890 mL | 1.7225 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0574 mL | 0.2871 mL | 0.5742 mL | 1.4354 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0431 mL | 0.2153 mL | 0.4306 mL | 1.0766 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0345 mL | 0.1723 mL | 0.3445 mL | 0.8613 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.