Theaceae

Saponins (Saponin) is a class of chemical compound of glycosides found in particular abundance in various plant species. In plants, Saponins may serve as anti-feedants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi.

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a potent phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, adenosine receptor antagonist, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activator. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) inhibits PDE3 activity to relax airway smooth muscle. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) has anti-inflammatory activity by increase IL-10 and inhibit NF-κB into the nucleus. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) induces apoptosis. Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) can be used for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research.

Xanthine, a plant alkaloid found in tea, coffee, and cocoa, is a mild stimulant of the central nervous system. Xanthine also acts as an intermediate product on the pathway of purine degradation.

Catechin ((+)-Catechin) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC₅₀ of 1.4 μM.

(-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC₅₀ of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.

Theasinensin C is an orally effective renin inhibitor and gut microbiota modulator, with an IC₅₀ of 40.21 μM against renin activity. Theasinensin C selectively enriches Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut microbiota, enhances the Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated hydrolysis of the PTS domain of mucin, drives the accumulation of luminal glutamine and serine, and regulates the gut-kidney-liver glutamine/serine metabolic signaling pathway to promote creatine biosynthesis. Theasinensin C improves cognitive function, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, alleviates neuropathological changes and restores intestinal barrier integrity. Theasinensin C can be used in research related to hypertension and neuroinflammation induced by high-fructose diet.

β-Maltoside is a 2-phenylethyl glycoside. β-Maltoside resists hydrolysis by purified β-primeverosidase derived from fresh Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Yabukita leaves.

(Z)-3-Hexenal is an isomer of Hydrosorbaldehyde (HY-W747972). (Z)-3-Hexenal is a green leaf volatile and also the main contributor to the fresh, grassy aroma of tea leaves. (Z)-3-Hexenal undergoes irreversible conversion to (E)-2-hexenal via (Z)-3:(E)-2-hexenal isomerase (CsHI). (Z)-3-Hexenal plays a key role in protecting plants against biotic stresses (such as pathogens and insects) and acting as a signaling chemical.

(-)-Epicatechin gallate (Epicatechin gallate) inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC₅₀ of 7.5 μM. (-)-Epicatechin gallate is a GLUT1 and GLUT5 inhibitor. (-)-Epicatechin gallate decreases cell growth of GLUT5-expressing hxt⁰ yeast cells.

(-)-Epigallocatechin (Epigallocatechin) is the most abundant flavonoid in green tea, can bind to unfolded native polypeptides and prevent conversion to amyloid fibrils.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (TF-3) is a potent Zika virus (ZIKV) protease inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 2.3 μM. Theaflavin 3,3'-digallat directly binds to ZIKVpro (K_d=8.86 μM) and inhibits ZIKV replication. Theaflavin 3,3'-digallat inhibits the activity of gp41 and NS2B-3 protease and has antiviral activity against HSV and HIV-1. Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate, the typical pigment in black tea, is a potent antitumor agent.

L-Theanine (L-Glutamic Acid γ-ethyl amide) is a non-protein amino acid contained in green tea leaves, which blocks the binding of L-glutamic acid to glutamate receptors in the brain, and with neuroprotective, anticancer and anti-oxidative activities. L-Theanine can pass through the blood–brain barrier and is orally active.

Theaflavin-3-gallate, a black tea theaflavin monomer, is regarded as the biologically important active component of black tea and provides health benefits. Theaflavin-3-gallate acts as prooxidants and induces oxidative stress in the carcinoma cells. Theaflavin-3-gallate reacts directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Theaflavin-3-gallate induces apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer A2780/CP70 cells through p53-dependent pathways. Theaflavin-3-gallate induces DNA damage through ATM/Chk/p53 pathway.

(-)-Gallocatechin gallate is the polyphenol isolated from tea, with cancer-preventive activities.

Tea polyphenol is the floorboard of phenolic compounds in tea. Tea polyphenol exhibits biological activity including antioxidant and anti-cancer activities, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and modulation of carcinogen metabolism.

Theaflavin-3'-gallate is a monomer of theaflavins found in black tea, which has anti-UVB damage activity and inhibits cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Theaflavin-3'-gallate acts as a pro-oxidant and induces oxidative stress in cancer cells, inhibiting xanthine oxidase (OX), with an IC₅₀ of 7.6 μM.

Terpinen-4-ol (4-Carvomenthenol) is a naturally occurring monoterpene, and can be extracted from a variety of aromatic plants. Terpinen-4-ol is a potent bactericidal agent which possess antifungal , anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties as well, suggesting Terpinen-4-ol to be used for relevant research.

(±)-Catechin (rel-Cianidanol) is the racemate of the green tea polyphenol Catechin. Catechin has anticancer activity and induces apoptosis. (±)-Catechin has two forms, (+)-Catechin and its enantiomer (-)-Catechin. (+)-Catechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC₅₀ of 1.4 μM. (-)-Catechin can effectively promote hBM-MSC adipocyte differentiation and increase adiponectin and PPARγ levels. (±)-Catechin has anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-infectious, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects.

(+)-Gallocatechin is a polyphenol compound from green tea, possesses anticancer activity.

(+)-Catechin hydrate inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC₅₀ of 1.4 μM.