3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
Based on 1 Customer Validation
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is an intermediate in the metabolic pathways of L-valine and thymine, and can be found in urine. 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is a secreted mediator of endothelial cell fatty acid transport and insulin resistance. 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid can also inhibit key enzymes of energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex of young rats. The levels of 3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid are closely related to various diseases such as 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria, diabetes, and ketoacidosis.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 93.0%
- CAS No.: 2068-83-9
- Formula: C4H8O3
- Molecular Weight:104.10
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Storage:Pure form -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (0.1-1 mM) significantly inhibits the activities of respiratory chain complex I-III, total creatine kinase, mitochondrial creatine kinase, and Na+, K+-ATPase in rat cerebral cortex homogenates[2].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 2068-83-9
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Appearance Liquid (Density: 1.195±0.06 g/cm3)
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Molecular Weight 104.10
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Formula C4H8O3
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Color Colorless to light yellow
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SMILES
O=C(O)C(C)CO
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Pure form -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : ≥ 200 mg/mL (1921.23 mM; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (48.03 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (48.03 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (271 KB)
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SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
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- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
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- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Korean - KR (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Podebrad F, et al. Stereodifferentiation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric- and 3-aminoisobutyric acid in human urine by enantioselective multidimensional capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta. 2000 Feb 25;292(1-2):93-105. [Content Brief]
[2]. Viegas CM, et al. Evidence that 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid inhibits key enzymes of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of young rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2008 May-Jun;26(3-4):293-9. [Content Brief]
[3]. Mardinoglu A, et al. Elevated Plasma Levels of 3-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Are Associated With Incident Type 2 Diabetes. EBioMedicine. 2018 Jan;27:151-155. [Content Brief]
[4]. Landaas S. Accumulation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in ketoacidosis. Clin Chim Acta. 1975 Oct 15;64(2):143-54. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | 240.1537 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | 48.0307 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL | 24.0154 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.6404 mL | 3.2020 mL | 6.4041 mL | 16.0102 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.4803 mL | 2.4015 mL | 4.8031 mL | 12.0077 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3842 mL | 1.9212 mL | 3.8425 mL | 9.6061 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.3202 mL | 1.6010 mL | 3.2020 mL | 8.0051 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.2402 mL | 1.2008 mL | 2.4015 mL | 6.0038 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1921 mL | 0.9606 mL | 1.9212 mL | 4.8031 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1601 mL | 0.8005 mL | 1.6010 mL | 4.0026 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.1201 mL | 0.6004 mL | 1.2008 mL | 3.0019 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0961 mL | 0.4803 mL | 0.9606 mL | 2.4015 mL |
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