1. Metabolic Enzyme/Protease
  2. Endogenous Metabolite
  3. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid

2-Hydroxybutyric acid  (Synonyms: α-Hydroxybutyric acid)

Cat. No.: HY-113381 Purity: ≥98.0%
COA Handling Instructions

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid ) is converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid prevents the acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical Structure

2-Hydroxybutyric acid Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 600-15-7

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Customer Review

Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid:

Top Publications Citing Use of Products
  • Biological Activity

  • Purity & Documentation

  • References

  • Customer Review

Description

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid ) is converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite[1]. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia[2][4]. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid prevents the acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury[3].

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is synthesized as coproduct of insulin resistance, causes insulin signaling impairment and mitochondrial overload[2].
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (0-40 mM) enhances the cell viabilities and decreases the AP-induced cytotoxicities of BRL3A, AML12 and mice primary hepatocytes[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Cytotoxicity Assay[3]

Cell Line: BRL3A, AML12, mice primary hepatocytes
Concentration: 0-40 mM
Incubation Time: 24-48 h
Result: Decreased AP-induced toxicity in AML12, BRL3A and mice primary hepatocytes.
In Vivo

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (250 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 3 days) prevents C57 mice from the AP-induced liver injury, normalizes the expressions of genes involved in inflammation response, oxidative stress, cell proliferation and DNA damage[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model: AP-induced liver injury in C57 mice[3]
Dosage: 250 mg/kg/day
Administration: i.p. for 3 days
Result: Prevented AP-induced liver injury.
Molecular Weight

104.10

Formula

C4H8O3

CAS No.
Appearance

<44.2°C Solid,>44.2°C Liquid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

CCC(O)C(O)=O

Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage
Pure form -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 6 months
-20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

H2O : ≥ 300 mg/mL (2881.84 mM)

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (960.61 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 50°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 9.6061 mL 48.0307 mL 96.0615 mL
5 mM 1.9212 mL 9.6061 mL 19.2123 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

  • Molarity Calculator

  • Dilution Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass
=
Concentration
×
Volume
×
Molecular Weight *

Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

Concentration (start)

C1

×
Volume (start)

V1

=
Concentration (final)

C2

×
Volume (final)

V2

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly. It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  PBS

    Solubility: ≥ 300 mg/mL (2881.84 mM); Clear solution

  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 300 mg/mL (2881.84 mM); Clear solution

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage

mg/kg

Animal weight
(per animal)

g

Dosing volume
(per animal)

μL

Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Purity & Documentation

Purity: ≥98.0%

References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO / H2O 1 mM 9.6061 mL 48.0307 mL 96.0615 mL 240.1537 mL
5 mM 1.9212 mL 9.6061 mL 19.2123 mL 48.0307 mL
10 mM 0.9606 mL 4.8031 mL 9.6061 mL 24.0154 mL
15 mM 0.6404 mL 3.2020 mL 6.4041 mL 16.0102 mL
20 mM 0.4803 mL 2.4015 mL 4.8031 mL 12.0077 mL
25 mM 0.3842 mL 1.9212 mL 3.8425 mL 9.6061 mL
30 mM 0.3202 mL 1.6010 mL 3.2020 mL 8.0051 mL
40 mM 0.2402 mL 1.2008 mL 2.4015 mL 6.0038 mL
50 mM 0.1921 mL 0.9606 mL 1.9212 mL 4.8031 mL
60 mM 0.1601 mL 0.8005 mL 1.6010 mL 4.0026 mL
80 mM 0.1201 mL 0.6004 mL 1.2008 mL 3.0019 mL
100 mM 0.0961 mL 0.4803 mL 0.9606 mL 2.4015 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

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2-Hydroxybutyric acid
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