2-Hydroxybutyric acid
Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid ) is converted from 2-Aminobutyric acid, with 2-oxobutyric acid as an intermediate metabolite. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a potential biomarker for type 2 diabetes and preeclampsia. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid prevents the acetaminophen (AP)-induced liver injury.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 98.0%
- CAS No.: 600-15-7
- Formula: C4H8O3
- Molecular Weight:104.10
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Storage:Pure form -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) 2-Hydroxybutyric acid
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is synthesized as coproduct of insulin resistance, causes insulin signaling impairment and mitochondrial overload[2].
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (0-40 mM) enhances the cell viabilities and decreases the AP-induced cytotoxicities of BRL3A, AML12 and mice primary hepatocytes[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:BRL3A, AML12, mice primary hepatocytes
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Concentration:0-40 mM
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Incubation Time:24-48 h
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Result:Decreased AP-induced toxicity in AML12, BRL3A and mice primary hepatocytes.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:AP-induced liver injury in C57 mice[3]
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Dosage:250 mg/kg/day
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Administration:i.p. for 3 days
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Result:Prevented AP-induced liver injury.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 600-15-7
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Appearance <44.2°C Solid,>44.2°C Liquid
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Molecular Weight 104.10
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Formula C4H8O3
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
CCC(O)C(O)=O
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Synonyms
α-Hydroxybutyric acid
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Structure Classification
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Pure form -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (1)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Nature
2025 Jul;643(8070):192-200. PMID: 39695227
Solvent & Solubility
H2O : 200 mg/mL (1921.23 mM; Need ultrasonic)
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (960.61 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 50°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.02 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: ≥ 300 mg/mL (2881.84 mM); Clear solution
Add each solvent one by one: Saline
Solubility: ≥ 300 mg/mL (2881.84 mM); Clear solution
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (276 KB)
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SDS (477 KB)
- English - EN (477 KB)
- Français - FR (477 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (477 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (477 KB)
- Español - ES (477 KB)
- Swedish - SV (477 KB)
- Italian - IT (477 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (477 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Landaas S, et al. The formation of 2-hydroxybutyric acid in experimental animals. Clin Chim Acta. 1975 Jan 6;58(1):23-32. [Content Brief]
[2]. Shantavasinkul PC, et al., Improvement in insulin resistance after gastric bypass surgery is correlated with a decline in plasma 2-hydroxybutyric acid. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2018 Aug;14(8):1126-1132. [Content Brief]
[3]. Zheng N, et al., Vancomycin pretreatment attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through 2-hydroxybutyric acid. J Pharm Anal. 2020 Dec;10(6):560-570. [Content Brief]
[4]. Wang F, et al., Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia. Open Life Sci. 2023 Feb 28;18(1):20220572. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 9.6061 mL | 48.0307 mL | 96.0615 mL | 240.1537 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.9212 mL | 9.6061 mL | 19.2123 mL | 48.0307 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.9606 mL | 4.8031 mL | 9.6061 mL | 24.0154 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.6404 mL | 3.2020 mL | 6.4041 mL | 16.0102 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.4803 mL | 2.4015 mL | 4.8031 mL | 12.0077 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.3842 mL | 1.9212 mL | 3.8425 mL | 9.6061 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.3202 mL | 1.6010 mL | 3.2020 mL | 8.0051 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.2402 mL | 1.2008 mL | 2.4015 mL | 6.0038 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1921 mL | 0.9606 mL | 1.9212 mL | 4.8031 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.1601 mL | 0.8005 mL | 1.6010 mL | 4.0026 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.1201 mL | 0.6004 mL | 1.2008 mL | 3.0019 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0961 mL | 0.4803 mL | 0.9606 mL | 2.4015 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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