CXCL16 Protein, Mouse

CXCL16 is a membrane-bound chemokine. CXCL16 is expressed in soluble or transmembrane forms and can be observed in many cell types, including inflammatory cells (such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and monocytes) and non-inflammatory cells (such as lung epithelial cells and renal cells). CXCL16 plays important roles both in the natural immune barrier and in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases^[1][2].
The amino acid sequence of human CXCL16 protein has low homology between mouse, rat and dog CXCL16 protein.
CXCL16 is primarily expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and consists of a chemokine domain (∼89 amino acids), a mucin-type stalk (∼110 amino acids), a single-pass transmembrane domain (∼20 amino acids), and a cytoplasmic tail (∼27 amino acids). CXCL16 is the only ligand of the CXCR6 receptor. Soluble CXCL16 induces the migration of CXCR6+ cells (including Th1 cells, NK cells and activated CD8 + T-cells), M2-macrophage infiltration, interactions between APC and CD8 + T-cells, the cellular immune response and inflammatory response, and the development of thymocytes. Membrane-bound CXCL16 can promote the adhesion of CXCR6+ cells. CXCL16 specifically binds oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), leading to its internalization and degradation. CXCL16 may play important roles in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. CXCL16 on macrophages and dendritic cells mediates the adhesion and phagocytosis of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and bacterial recognition is mediated by the chemokine domain of CXCL16^[1][2].
CXCL16 is not only a chemokine, but is also a multifunctional protein. CXCL16 and CXCR6 are related to various inflammatory diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, pulmonary diseases, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis and many inflammation-related cancers. The chemokine domain of CXCL16 exerts potent anti-microbial activities against E. coli and S. aureus. CXCL16 acts as a mediator of innate immunity by attracting CXCR6-expressing cells, such as activated T cells and NKT cells. CXCL16 is also a novel mediator of the innate immune reactivities of keratinocytes in the human epidermis^[1][2][3].

Recombinant mouse CXCL16 (50-200 ng/mL; 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours) treatment not only contributes to the proliferation of mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells but also induces the expression of p-STAT3 in mouse lung fibroblast L929 cells^[4].

Recombinant mouse CXCL16 (0.5-1.0 μg; i.p.) increases sepsis-induced mortality and tissue injury in a murine model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced nonsevere sepsis^[5].