2. PI3K/Akt/mTOR Apoptosis Autophagy Metabolic Enzyme/Protease NF-κB
  3. PI3K Akt mTOR Ferroptosis Apoptosis Autophagy Glutathione Peroxidase Keap1-Nrf2
  4. Diphenyl disulfide

Diphenyl disulfide  (Synonyms: Phenyl disulfide)

Cat. No.: HY-Y1177 Purity: 99.96%
COA
SDS
Handling Instructions Technical Support

Diphenyl disulfide (Phenyl disulfide) is an organic disulfide compound. Diphenyl disulfide inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and induces ferroptosis (ferroptosis), apoptosis (apoptosis) and autophagy (autophagy) in cancer cells. Diphenyl disulfide downregulates GPX4 expression, inhibits NRF2 phosphorylation, induces lipid peroxidation, promotes xCT ubiquitination, induces proteolytic cleavage of p21 Bax into p18 Bax, and suppresses cell proliferation and viability. Diphenyl disulfide can be used in research related to melanoma and breast cancer.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Diphenyl disulfide

Diphenyl disulfide Chemical Structure

CAS No. : 882-33-7

Size Price Stock Quantity
Solid + Solvent (Highly Recommended)
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO
ready for reconstitution
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Solution
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO In-stock
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Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Other Forms of Diphenyl disulfide:

Diphenyl disulfide Related Antibodies

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GPX1 GPX4

  • Biological Activity

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Description

Diphenyl disulfide (Phenyl disulfide) is an organic disulfide compound. Diphenyl disulfide inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and induces ferroptosis (ferroptosis), apoptosis (apoptosis) and autophagy (autophagy) in cancer cells. Diphenyl disulfide downregulates GPX4 expression, inhibits NRF2 phosphorylation, induces lipid peroxidation, promotes xCT ubiquitination, induces proteolytic cleavage of p21 Bax into p18 Bax, and suppresses cell proliferation and viability. Diphenyl disulfide can be used in research related to melanoma and breast cancer[1][2][3].

IC50 & Target

Human Endogenous Metabolite

 

In Vitro

Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) inhibits the viability of B16F10 and A375 melanoma cells[1].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) induces non-apoptotic cell death (ferroptosis) in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells at 24 h by downregulating GPX4 expression, enhancing lipid peroxidation levels and promoting xCT ubiquitination, and induces apoptosis at 48 h, with reduced phosphorylated NRF2 levels associated with late-stage apoptosis[1].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) induces autophagy in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner[1].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24 h) reduces the protein levels of phosphorylated AKT1/2/3 and mTOR in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in B16F10 melanoma cells[1].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) reduces the viability of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 24.14, 25.57, 19.45, and 16.89 μM after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively[2].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with 30 μM, the proportions of annexin V-positive cells reach 31.1% and 63.8% at 24 h and 48 h, respectively[2].
Diphenyl disulfide (0-30 μM; 24-48 h) induces cleavage of p21 Bax into pro-apoptotic p18 Bax in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells[2].
Diphenyl disulfide (10-30 μM; 24-48 h) dose-dependently upregulates the level of LC3B-II, a marker of autophagosome formation, in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells[2].
Diphenyl disulfide (10-30 μM; 24 h) dose-dependently increases the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, a marker of autophagy, in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells[2].
Diphenyl disulfide (10-30 μM; 24-48 h) increases the level of lysosomal aggregation in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells[2].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Diphenyl disulfide Related Antibodies

Cell Viability Assay[1]

Cell Line: murine B16F10 melanoma cell line, human A375 melanoma cell line
Concentration: 5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM
Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h
Result: Reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines.
Reduced B16F10 cell viability to ~95% (24 h, 10 μM), ~80% (48 h, 10 μM), ~70% (24 h, 20 μM), ~70% (48 h, 20 μM), ~50% (24 h, 30 μM), ~45% (48 h, 30 μM), with all values significantly lower than controls.
Reduced A375 cell viability to ~105% (24 h, 5 μM), ~80% (48 h, 5 μM), ~70% (24 h, 10 μM), ~45% (48 h, 10 μM), ~35% (24 h, 20 μM), ~18% (48 h, 20 μM), with significant reductions at 10 and 20 μM compared to controls.

Apoptosis Analysis[1]

Cell Line: murine B16F10 melanoma cell line
Concentration: 10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM
Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h
Result: Increased the percentage of Annexin-V/7-AAD double-positive cells (late apoptosis/non-apoptotic death) dose-dependently at 24 h: reached ~12% (10 μM), ~15% (20 μM), ~33% (30 μM), all significantly higher than vehicle control.
Increased the percentage of Annexin-V-positive/7-AAD-negative cells (early apoptosis) dose-dependently at 48 h: reached ~10% (10 μM), ~25% (20 μM), ~32% (30 μM), all significantly higher than vehicle control.
Increased phosphorylated NRF2 levels at 24 h but decreased phosphorylated NRF2 levels at 48 h post-treatment.

Cell Autophagy Assay[1]

Cell Line: murine B16F10 melanoma cell line
Concentration: 10 μM, 20 μM, 30 μM (autophagy detection); 30 μM DPDS plus 6 mM 3-MA (HY-19312) (viability rescue assay)
Incubation Time: 24 h, 48 h (autophagy detection); 24 h (viability rescue assay)
Result: Increased the proportion of acridine orange-positive (red fluorescence) cells in a dose-dependent manner at both 24 and 48 h, with significant increases at all tested concentrations.
Increased LC3B-II levels and decreased LAMP2 and P62 levels after 24 h of treatment.
Partially restored cell viability from ~45% to ~65% of control when cotreated with 6 mM 3-MA and 30 μM DPDS.
Molecular Weight

218.35

Formula

C12H10S2
CAS No.
Appearance

Solid

Color

White to off-white

SMILES

C1(SSC2=CC=CC=C2)=CC=CC=C1
Structure Classification
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years
4°C 2 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years
-20°C 1 year
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro: 

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (457.98 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Preparing
Stock Solutions
Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg
1 mM 4.5798 mL 22.8990 mL 45.7980 mL
5 mM 0.9160 mL 4.5798 mL 9.1596 mL
View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

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Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)

This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2

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In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

  • Protocol 1

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    40% PEG300    5% Tween-80    45% Saline

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.45 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

    Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
  • Protocol 2

    Add each solvent one by one:  10% DMSO    90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

    Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.45 mM); Clear solution

    This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

    Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

    Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

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Number of animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Calculation results:
Working solution concentration: mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL  DMSO (Stock solution concentration: mg/mL).
The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only. If necessary, please contact MedChemExpress (MCE).
Method for preparing in vivo working solution for animal experiments: Take μL DMSO stock solution, add μL . μL , mix evenly, next add μL Tween 80, mix evenly, then add μL Saline.
 If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation

Purity: 99.96%

SDS (597 KB)

COA (248 KB) HNMR (120 KB) RP-HPLC (254 KB)

Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

* Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent Concentration Solvent Mass 1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg
DMSO 1 mM 4.5798 mL 22.8990 mL 45.7980 mL 114.4951 mL
5 mM 0.9160 mL 4.5798 mL 9.1596 mL 22.8990 mL
10 mM 0.4580 mL 2.2899 mL 4.5798 mL 11.4495 mL
15 mM 0.3053 mL 1.5266 mL 3.0532 mL 7.6330 mL
20 mM 0.2290 mL 1.1450 mL 2.2899 mL 5.7248 mL
25 mM 0.1832 mL 0.9160 mL 1.8319 mL 4.5798 mL
30 mM 0.1527 mL 0.7633 mL 1.5266 mL 3.8165 mL
40 mM 0.1145 mL 0.5725 mL 1.1450 mL 2.8624 mL
50 mM 0.0916 mL 0.4580 mL 0.9160 mL 2.2899 mL
60 mM 0.0763 mL 0.3817 mL 0.7633 mL 1.9083 mL
80 mM 0.0572 mL 0.2862 mL 0.5725 mL 1.4312 mL
100 mM 0.0458 mL 0.2290 mL 0.4580 mL 1.1450 mL
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Diphenyl disulfide Related Classifications

Help & FAQs
  • Do most proteins show cross-species activity?

    Species cross-reactivity must be investigated individually for each product. Many human cytokines will produce a nice response in mouse cell lines, and many mouse proteins will show activity on human cells. Other proteins may have a lower specific activity when used in the opposite species.

Keywords:

Diphenyl disulfide882-33-7Phenyl disulfidePI3KAktmTORFerroptosisApoptosisAutophagyGlutathione PeroxidaseKeap1-Nrf2Phosphoinositide 3-kinasePKBProtein kinase BMammalian target of RapamycinPI3K/AKT/mTOR pathwaymelanomaB16F10 melanoma cellsbreast cancerautophagyferroptosisA375 melanoma cellsapoptosisInhibitorinhibitorinhibit

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