Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

J Extracell Vesicles. 2018 Nov 23;7(1):1535750. doi: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750.

Clotilde Théry ¹ , Kenneth W Witwer ² ³ , Elena Aikawa ⁴ ⁵ , Maria Jose Alcaraz ⁶ , Johnathon D Anderson ⁷ , Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina ⁸ , Anna Antoniou ⁹ ¹⁰ , Tanina Arab ¹¹ , Fabienne Archer ¹² , Georgia K Atkin-Smith ¹³ , D Craig Ayre ¹⁴ ¹⁵ , Jean-Marie Bach ¹⁶ , Daniel Bachurski ¹⁷ , Hossein Baharvand ¹⁸ ¹⁹ , Leonora Balaj ²⁰ , Shawn Baldacchino ²¹ , Natalie N Bauer ²² , Amy A Baxter ¹³ , Mary Bebawy ²³ , Carla Beckham ²⁴ , Apolonija Bedina Zavec ²⁵ , Abderrahim Benmoussa ²⁶ , Anna C Berardi ²⁷ , Paolo Bergese ²⁸ ²⁹ ³⁰ , Ewa Bielska ³¹ , Cherie Blenkiron ³² , Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz ³³ , Eric Boilard ²⁶ , Wilfrid Boireau ³⁴ , Antonella Bongiovanni ³⁵ , Francesc E Borràs ³⁶ ³⁷ ³⁸ , Steffi Bosch ¹⁶ , Chantal M Boulanger ³⁹ ⁴⁰ , Xandra Breakefield ⁴¹ , Andrew M Breglio ⁴² ⁴³ , Meadhbh Á Brennan ⁴⁴ ⁴⁵ ⁴⁶ , David R Brigstock ⁴⁷ ⁴⁸ , Alain Brisson ⁴⁹ , Marike Ld Broekman ⁵⁰ ⁵¹ ⁵² , Jacqueline F Bromberg ⁵³ ⁵⁴ , Paulina Bryl-Górecka ⁵⁵ , Shilpa Buch ⁵⁶ , Amy H Buck ⁵⁷ , Dylan Burger ⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ , Sara Busatto ⁶¹ ³⁰ , Dominik Buschmann ⁶² , Benedetta Bussolati ⁶³ , Edit I Buzás ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ , James Bryan Byrd ⁶⁶ , Giovanni Camussi ⁶⁷ , David Rf Carter ⁶⁸ , Sarah Caruso ¹³ , Lawrence W Chamley ⁶⁹ , Yu-Ting Chang ⁷⁰ , Chihchen Chen ⁷¹ ⁷² , Shuai Chen ⁷³ , Lesley Cheng ¹³ , Andrew R Chin ⁷⁴ , Aled Clayton ⁷⁵ , Stefano P Clerici ⁷⁶ , Alex Cocks ⁷⁵ , Emanuele Cocucci ⁷⁷ ⁷⁸ , Robert J Coffey ⁷⁹ , Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva ⁸⁰ , Yvonne Couch ⁸¹ , Frank Aw Coumans ⁸² , Beth Coyle ⁸³ , Rossella Crescitelli ⁸⁴ , Miria Ferreira Criado ⁸⁵ , Crislyn D'Souza-Schorey ⁸⁶ , Saumya Das ⁸⁷ , Amrita Datta Chaudhuri ³ , Paola de Candia ⁸⁸ , Eliezer F De Santana ⁸⁹ , Olivier De Wever ⁹⁰ ⁹¹ , Hernando A Del Portillo ⁹² ⁹³ ⁹⁴ , Tanguy Demaret ⁹⁵ , Sarah Deville ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ , Andrew Devitt ⁹⁸ , Bert Dhondt ⁹⁰ ⁹⁹ ⁹¹ , Dolores Di Vizio ⁷⁴ , Lothar C Dieterich ¹⁰⁰ , Vincenza Dolo ¹⁰¹ , Ana Paula Dominguez Rubio ¹⁰² , Massimo Dominici ¹⁰³ ¹⁰⁴ , Mauricio R Dourado ¹⁰⁵ ¹⁰⁶ , Tom Ap Driedonks ¹⁰⁷ , Filipe V Duarte ¹⁰⁸ , Heather M Duncan ¹⁰⁹ ¹¹⁰ , Ramon M Eichenberger ¹¹¹ , Karin Ekström ¹¹² , Samir El Andaloussi ¹¹³ ¹¹⁴ , Celine Elie-Caille ³⁴ , Uta Erdbrügger ¹¹⁵ , Juan M Falcón-Pérez ¹¹⁶ ¹¹⁷ , Farah Fatima ¹¹⁸ , Jason E Fish ¹¹⁹ ¹²⁰ , Miguel Flores-Bellver ¹²¹ , András Försönits ⁶⁵ , Annie Frelet-Barrand ³⁴ , Fabia Fricke ¹²² ¹²³ , Gregor Fuhrmann ¹²⁴ ¹²⁵ ¹²⁶ , Susanne Gabrielsson ¹²⁷ , Ana Gámez-Valero ³⁶ ¹²⁸ , Chris Gardiner ¹²⁹ , Kathrin Gärtner ¹³⁰ , Raphael Gaudin ¹³¹ ¹³² , Yong Song Gho ¹³³ , Bernd Giebel ¹³⁴ , Caroline Gilbert ²⁶ , Mario Gimona ¹³⁵ , Ilaria Giusti ¹⁰¹ , Deborah Ci Goberdhan ¹³⁶ , André Görgens ¹¹³ ¹³⁷ ¹³⁴ , Sharon M Gorski ¹³⁸ ¹³⁹ , David W Greening ¹³ , Julia Christina Gross ¹⁴⁰ ¹⁴¹ , Alice Gualerzi ¹⁴² , Gopal N Gupta ¹⁴³ , Dakota Gustafson ¹²⁰ , Aase Handberg ¹⁴⁴ ¹⁴⁵ , Reka A Haraszti ¹⁴⁶ , Paul Harrison ¹⁴⁷ , Hargita Hegyesi ⁶⁵ , An Hendrix ⁹⁰ ⁹¹ , Andrew F Hill ¹³ , Fred H Hochberg ¹⁴⁸ ¹⁴⁹ , Karl F Hoffmann ¹⁵⁰ , Beth Holder ¹⁵¹ ¹⁵² , Harry Holthofer ¹⁵³ , Baharak Hosseinkhani ¹⁵⁴ , Guoku Hu ⁵⁶ , Yiyao Huang ¹⁵⁵ ² , Veronica Huber ¹⁵⁶ , Stuart Hunt ¹⁵⁷ , Ahmed Gamal-Eldin Ibrahim ¹⁵⁸ , Tsuneya Ikezu ¹⁵⁹ , Jameel M Inal ¹⁶⁰ , Mustafa Isin ¹⁶¹ , Alena Ivanova ¹⁶² , Hannah K Jackson ⁸³ , Soren Jacobsen ¹⁶³ ¹⁶⁴ , Steven M Jay ¹⁶⁵ , Muthuvel Jayachandran ¹⁶⁶ , Guido Jenster ¹⁶⁷ , Lanzhou Jiang ¹³ , Suzanne M Johnson ¹⁶⁸ , Jennifer C Jones ¹⁶⁹ , Ambrose Jong ¹⁷⁰ ¹⁷¹ , Tijana Jovanovic-Talisman ¹⁷² , Stephanie Jung ¹⁷³ , Raghu Kalluri ¹⁷⁴ , Shin-Ichi Kano ¹⁷⁵ , Sukhbir Kaur ¹⁷⁶ , Yumi Kawamura ¹⁷⁷ ¹⁷⁸ , Evan T Keller ¹⁷⁹ ¹⁸⁰ , Delaram Khamari ⁶⁵ , Elena Khomyakova ¹⁸¹ ¹⁸² , Anastasia Khvorova ¹⁴⁶ , Peter Kierulf ¹⁸³ , Kwang Pyo Kim ¹⁸⁴ , Thomas Kislinger ¹⁸⁵ ¹⁸⁶ , Mikael Klingeborn ¹⁸⁷ , David J Klinke 2nd ¹⁸⁸ ¹⁸⁹ , Miroslaw Kornek ¹⁹⁰ ¹⁹¹ , Maja M Kosanović ¹⁹² , Árpád Ferenc Kovács ⁶⁵ , Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers ¹⁹³ , Susanne Krasemann ¹⁹⁴ , Mirja Krause ¹⁹⁵ , Igor V Kurochkin ¹⁹⁶ , Gina D Kusuma ¹⁹⁵ ¹⁹⁷ , Sören Kuypers ¹⁹⁸ , Saara Laitinen ¹⁹⁹ , Scott M Langevin ²⁰⁰ ²⁰¹ , Lucia R Languino ²⁰² , Joanne Lannigan ²⁰³ , Cecilia Lässer ⁸⁴ , Louise C Laurent ²⁰⁴ , Gregory Lavieu ¹ , Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez ²⁰⁵ , Soazig Le Lay ⁸ , Myung-Shin Lee ²⁰⁶ , Yi Xin Fiona Lee ²⁰⁷ , Debora S Lemos ²⁰⁸ , Metka Lenassi ²⁰⁹ , Aleksandra Leszczynska ²¹⁰ , Isaac Ts Li ²¹¹ , Ke Liao ⁵⁶ , Sten F Libregts ²¹² , Erzsebet Ligeti ²¹³ , Rebecca Lim ¹⁹⁵ ¹⁹⁷ , Sai Kiang Lim ²¹⁴ , Aija Linē ²¹⁵ , Karen Linnemannstöns ¹⁴⁰ ¹⁴¹ , Alicia Llorente ²¹⁶ , Catherine A Lombard ⁹⁵ , Magdalena J Lorenowicz ²¹⁷ , Ákos M Lörincz ²¹³ , Jan Lötvall ⁸⁴ , Jason Lovett ²¹⁸ , Michelle C Lowry ²¹⁹ , Xavier Loyer ³⁹ ⁴⁰ , Quan Lu ²²⁰ , Barbara Lukomska ²²¹ , Taral R Lunavat ²²² , Sybren Ln Maas ²²³ ²²⁴ , Harmeet Malhi ²²⁵ , Antonio Marcilla ²²⁶ ²²⁷ , Jacopo Mariani ²²⁸ , Javier Mariscal ⁷⁴ , Elena S Martens-Uzunova ¹⁶⁷ , Lorena Martin-Jaular ¹ , M Carmen Martinez ⁸ , Vilma Regina Martins ²²⁹ , Mathilde Mathieu ¹ , Suresh Mathivanan ¹³ , Marco Maugeri ²³⁰ , Lynda K McGinnis ²³¹ , Mark J McVey ²³² ²³³ , David G Meckes Jr ²³⁴ , Katie L Meehan ²³⁵ , Inge Mertens ²³⁶ ⁹⁷ , Valentina R Minciacchi ²³⁷ , Andreas Möller ²³⁸ , Malene Møller Jørgensen ²³⁹ ²⁴⁰ , Aizea Morales-Kastresana ¹⁶⁹ , Jess Morhayim ²⁴¹ , François Mullier ²⁴² ²⁴³ , Maurizio Muraca ²⁴⁴ , Luca Musante ¹¹⁵ , Veronika Mussack ⁶² , Dillon C Muth ² , Kathryn H Myburgh ²¹⁸ , Tanbir Najrana ²⁴⁵ , Muhammad Nawaz ²³⁰ , Irina Nazarenko ²⁴⁶ ²⁴⁷ , Peter Nejsum ²⁴⁸ , Christian Neri ²⁴⁹ , Tommaso Neri ²⁵⁰ , Rienk Nieuwland ⁸² , Leonardo Nimrichter ²⁵¹ , John P Nolan ¹⁴⁸ , Esther Nm Nolte-'t Hoen ¹⁰⁷ , Nicole Noren Hooten ²⁵² , Lorraine O'Driscoll ²¹⁹ , Tina O'Grady ²⁵³ , Ana O'Loghlen ²⁵⁴ , Takahiro Ochiya ²⁵⁵ , Martin Olivier ²⁵⁶ , Alberto Ortiz ²⁵⁷ ²⁵⁸ ²⁵⁹ , Luis A Ortiz ²⁶⁰ , Xabier Osteikoetxea ²⁶¹ , Ole Østergaard ²⁶² ²⁶³ , Matias Ostrowski ²⁶⁴ , Jaesung Park ¹³³ , D Michiel Pegtel ²⁶⁵ , Hector Peinado ²⁶⁶ , Francesca Perut ²⁶⁷ , Michael W Pfaffl ⁶² , Donald G Phinney ²⁶⁸ , Bartijn Ch Pieters ²⁶⁹ , Ryan C Pink ⁶⁸ , David S Pisetsky ²⁷⁰ ²⁷¹ , Elke Pogge von Strandmann ²⁷² , Iva Polakovicova ²⁷³ ²⁷⁴ , Ivan Kh Poon ¹³ , Bonita H Powell ² , Ilaria Prada ²⁷⁵ , Lynn Pulliam ²⁷⁶ ²⁷⁷ , Peter Quesenberry ²⁷⁸ , Annalisa Radeghieri ²⁸ ³⁰ , Robert L Raffai ²⁷⁹ ²⁷⁶ , Stefania Raimondo ²⁸⁰ , Janusz Rak ²⁸¹ ²⁵⁶ , Marcel I Ramirez ²⁸² ²⁸³ , Graça Raposo ²⁸⁴ , Morsi S Rayyan ²⁸⁵ , Neta Regev-Rudzki ²⁸⁶ , Franz L Ricklefs ²⁸⁷ , Paul D Robbins ²⁸⁸ , David D Roberts ¹⁷⁶ , Silvia C Rodrigues ²⁸⁹ ¹⁰⁸ , Eva Rohde ²⁹⁰ ¹³⁵ ²⁹¹ , Sophie Rome ²⁹² , Kasper Ma Rouschop ²⁹³ , Aurelia Rughetti ²⁹⁴ , Ashley E Russell ²⁹⁵ , Paula Saá ²⁹⁶ , Susmita Sahoo ²⁹⁷ , Edison Salas-Huenuleo ²⁹⁸ ²⁹⁹ , Catherine Sánchez ³⁰⁰ , Julie A Saugstad ³⁰¹ , Meike J Saul ³⁰² , Raymond M Schiffelers ³⁰³ , Raphael Schneider ¹²⁰ ³⁰⁴ , Tine Hiorth Schøyen ² , Aaron Scott ³⁰⁵ , Eriomina Shahaj ¹⁵⁶ , Shivani Sharma ³⁰⁶ ³⁰⁷ ³⁰⁸ , Olga Shatnyeva ²⁰⁵ , Faezeh Shekari ¹⁸ , Ganesh Vilas Shelke ³⁰⁹ ⁸⁴ , Ashok K Shetty ³¹⁰ ³¹¹ , Kiyotaka Shiba ³¹² , Pia R-M Siljander ³¹³ ³¹⁴ , Andreia M Silva ³¹⁵ ³¹⁶ ³¹⁷ , Agata Skowronek ³¹⁸ , Orman L Snyder 2nd ³¹⁹ , Rodrigo Pedro Soares ³²⁰ , Barbara W Sódar ⁶⁵ , Carolina Soekmadji ²³⁸ ³²¹ , Javier Sotillo ¹¹¹ , Philip D Stahl ³²² , Willem Stoorvogel ¹⁰⁷ , Shannon L Stott ³²³ ³²⁴ , Erwin F Strasser ³²⁵ , Simon Swift ³²⁶ , Hidetoshi Tahara ³²⁷ , Muneesh Tewari ¹⁷⁹ ³²⁸ ³²⁹ , Kate Timms ³³⁰ , Swasti Tiwari ³³¹ ³³² , Rochelle Tixeira ¹³ , Mercedes Tkach ¹ , Wei Seong Toh ³³³ , Richard Tomasini ³³⁴ , Ana Claudia Torrecilhas ³³⁵ , Juan Pablo Tosar ³³⁶ ³³⁷ , Vasilis Toxavidis ³³⁸ , Lorena Urbanelli ³³⁹ , Pieter Vader ³⁰³ , Bas Wm van Balkom ³⁴⁰ , Susanne G van der Grein ¹⁰⁷ , Jan Van Deun ⁹⁰ ⁹¹ , Martijn Jc van Herwijnen ¹⁰⁷ , Kendall Van Keuren-Jensen ³⁴¹ , Guillaume van Niel ³⁴² , Martin E van Royen ³⁴³ , Andre J van Wijnen ³⁴⁴ , M Helena Vasconcelos ³⁴⁵ ³⁴⁶ ³¹⁶ , Ivan J Vechetti Jr ³⁴⁷ , Tiago D Veit ³⁴⁸ , Laura J Vella ³⁴⁹ ³⁵⁰ , Émilie Velot ³⁵¹ , Frederik J Verweij ³⁴² , Beate Vestad ³⁵² ³⁵³ ³⁵⁴ , Jose L Viñas ⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ , Tamás Visnovitz ⁶⁵ , Krisztina V Vukman ⁶⁵ , Jessica Wahlgren ³⁵⁵ , Dionysios C Watson ³⁵⁶ ³⁵⁷ , Marca Hm Wauben ¹⁰⁷ , Alissa Weaver ³⁵⁸ , Jason P Webber ⁷⁵ , Viktoria Weber ³⁵⁹ , Ann M Wehman ³⁶⁰ , Daniel J Weiss ³⁶¹ , Joshua A Welsh ¹⁶⁹ , Sebastian Wendt ³⁶² , Asa M Wheelock ³⁶³ , Zoltán Wiener ⁶⁵ , Leonie Witte ¹⁴⁰ ¹⁴¹ , Joy Wolfram ³⁶⁴ ³⁶⁵ ³⁶⁶ , Angeliki Xagorari ³⁶⁷ , Patricia Xander ³⁶⁸ , Jing Xu ¹³⁸ ¹³⁹ , Xiaomei Yan ³⁶⁹ , María Yáñez-Mó ³⁷⁰ ³⁷¹ , Hang Yin ³⁷² , Yuana Yuana ³⁷³ , Valentina Zappulli ³⁷⁴ , Jana Zarubova ³⁷⁵ ³⁷⁶ ³⁷⁷ , Vytautas Žėkas ³⁷⁸ , Jian-Ye Zhang ³⁷⁹ , Zezhou Zhao ² , Lei Zheng ¹⁵⁵ , Alexander R Zheutlin ²⁸⁵ , Antje M Zickler ³⁸⁰ , Pascale Zimmermann ³⁸¹ ³⁸² , Angela M Zivkovic ³⁸³ , Davide Zocco ³⁸⁴ , Ewa K Zuba-Surma ³³

Affiliations

1. Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
2. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
3. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
4. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Boston, MA, USA.
5. Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
6. Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
7. University of California, Davis, Department of Otolaryngology, Davis, CA, USA.
8. INSERM U1063, Université d'Angers, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France.
9. German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
10. University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany.
11. Université de Lille, INSERM, U-1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse - PRISM, Lille, France.
12. University of Lyon, INRA, EPHE, UMR754 Viral Infections and Comparative Pathology, Lyon, France.
13. La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Bundoora, Australia.
14. Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, Canada.
15. Mount Allison University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sackville, Canada.
16. Université Bretagne Loire, Oniris, INRA, IECM, Nantes, France.
17. University of Cologne, Department of Internal Medicine I, Cologne, Germany.
18. Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Cell Science Research Center, Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran.
19. University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Department of Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran.
20. Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Boston, MA, USA.
21. University of Malta, Department of Pathology, Msida, Malta.
22. University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung Biology, Mobile, AL, USA.
23. University of Technology Sydney, Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Sydney, Australia.
24. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
25. National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
26. Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quebec City, Canada.
27. Ospedale Santo Spirito, Pescara, Italy.
28. CSGI - Research Center for Colloids and Nanoscience, Florence, Italy.
29. INSTM - National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Florence, Italy.
30. University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy.
31. University of Birmingham, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, Birmingham, UK.
32. University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
33. Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Kraków, Poland.
34. FEMTO-ST Institute, UBFC, CNRS, ENSMM, UTBM, Besançon, France.
35. Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Palermo, Italy.
36. Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, REMAR-IVECAT Group, Badalona, Spain.
37. Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Nephrology Service, Badalona, Spain.
38. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Barcelona, Spain.
39. INSERM UMR-S 970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France.
40. Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
41. Massachusetts General Hospital and Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology and Radiology, Boston, MA, USA.
42. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
43. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, MD, USA.
44. Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, USA.
45. Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.
46. Université de Nantes, INSERM UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissues, PhyOS, Nantes, France.
47. Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
48. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
49. UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
50. Haaglanden Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, The Hague, The Netherlands.
51. Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden, The Netherlands.
52. Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA.
53. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
54. Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
55. Lund University, Department of Cardiology, Lund, Sweden.
56. University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE, USA.
57. University of Edinburgh, Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Edinburgh, UK.
58. Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
59. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
60. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
61. Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
62. Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Freising, Germany.
63. University of Torino, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Torino, Italy.
64. MTA-SE Immuno-Proteogenomics Research Groups, Budapest, Hungary.
65. Semmelweis University, Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Budapest, Hungary.
66. University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
67. University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Torino, Italy.
68. Oxford Brookes University, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford, UK.
69. University of Auckland, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Auckland, New Zealand.
70. National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
71. National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
72. National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
73. Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Reproductive Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.
74. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
75. Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
76. UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Campinas, Brazil.
77. The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Columbus, OH, USA.
78. The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
79. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Epithelial Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
80. University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), IBMC/I3S, Porto, Portugal.
81. University of Oxford, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Acute Stroke Programme - Investigative Medicine, Oxford, UK.
82. Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Vesicle Observation Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
83. The University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.
84. University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, Krefting Research Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.
85. University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
86. University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
87. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
88. IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
89. The Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
90. Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
91. Ghent University, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent, Belgium.
92. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
93. Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), PVREX group, Badalona, Spain.
94. ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, PVREX Group, Barcelona, Spain.
95. Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium.
96. Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
97. Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
98. Aston University, School of Life & Health Sciences, Birmingham, UK.
99. Ghent University Hospital, Department of Urology, Ghent, Belgium.
100. ETH Zurich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
101. University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila, Italy.
102. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
103. TPM of Mirandola, Mirandola, Italy.
104. University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Division of Oncology, Modena, Italy.
105. University of Campinas, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba, Brazil.
106. University of Oulu, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Oulu, Finland.
107. Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
108. Exogenus Therapeutics, Cantanhede, Portugal.
109. McGill University, Division of Experimental Medicine, Montreal, Canada.
110. McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Child Health and Human Development Program, Montreal, Canada.
111. James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Cairns, Australia.
112. University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Biomaterials, Gothenburg, Sweden.
113. Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford, UK.
114. Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
115. University of Virginia Health System, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
116. CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Exosomes Laboratory & Metabolomics Platform, Derio, Spain.
117. IKERBASQUE Research Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain.
118. University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
119. Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
120. University of Toronto, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Toronto, Canada.
121. University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Sight-Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Aurora, CO, USA.
122. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany.
123. University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany.
124. Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
125. Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
126. Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
127. Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine Solna, Division for Immunology and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden.
128. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Department of Pathology, Barcelona, Spain.
129. University College London, London, UK.
130. Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Gene Vectors, Munich, Germany.
131. INSERM U1110, Strasbourg, France.
132. Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
133. POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Department of Life Sciences, Pohang, South Korea.
134. University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Essen, Germany.
135. Paracelsus Medical University, GMP Unit, Salzburg, Austria.
136. University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK.
137. Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
138. BC Cancer, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada.
139. Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, Canada.
140. University Medical Center Göttingen, Developmental Biochemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
141. University Medical Center Göttingen, Hematology and Oncology, Göttingen, Germany.
142. IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Milan, Italy.
143. Loyola University Chicago, Department of Urology, Maywood, IL, USA.
144. Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg, Denmark.
145. Aalborg University, Clinical Institute, Aalborg, Denmark.
146. University of Massachusetts Medical School, RNA Therapeutics Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
147. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
148. Scintillon Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
149. University of California, San Diego, Department of Neurosurgery, La Jolla, CA, USA.
150. Aberystwyth University, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth, United Kingdom.
151. Imperial College London, London, UK.
152. MRC The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.
153. University Clinic Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
154. Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt, Belgium.
155. Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
156. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, Milan, Italy.
157. The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
158. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
159. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
160. University of Hertfordshire, School of Life and Medical Sciences, Biosciences Research Group, Hatfield, UK.
161. Istanbul University Oncology Institute, Basic Oncology Department, Istanbul, Turkey.
162. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, Heidelberg, Germany.
163. Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Section 4242 - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
164. University of Copenhagen, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark.
165. University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, College Park, MD, USA.
166. Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN, USA.
167. Department of Urology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
168. University of Manchester, Division of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
169. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA.
170. Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
171. University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
172. City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Duarte, CA, USA.
173. German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute for Virology, Munich, Germany.
174. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
175. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
176. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Pathology, Bethesda, MD, USA.
177. National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
178. University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
179. University of Michigan, Biointerfaces Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
180. University of Michigan, Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
181. École normale supérieure, Paris, France.
182. Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
183. Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Blood Cell Research Group, Oslo, Norway.
184. Kyung Hee University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Yongin, Korea.
185. Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
186. University of Toronto, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Canada.
187. Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
188. West Virginia University, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and WVU Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.
189. West Virginia University, Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cell Biology, Morgantown, WV, USA.
190. German Armed Forces Central Hospital, Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Koblenz, Germany.
191. Saarland University Medical Center, Department of Medicine II, Homburg, Germany.
192. University of Belgrade, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, INEP, Belgrade, Serbia.
193. University of Mainz, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Mainz, Germany.
194. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Neuropathology, Hamburg, Germany.
195. Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.
196. Central Research Laboratories, Sysmex Co., Kobe, Japan.
197. Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
198. Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt, Belgium.
199. Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland.
200. Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
201. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
202. Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Department of Cancer Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
203. University of Virginia, Flow Cytometry Core, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
204. University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA.
205. AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Gothenburg, Sweden.
206. Eulji University, School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.
207. Genome Institute of Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore.
208. Federal University of Paraná, Department of Genetics, Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Curitiba, Brazil.
209. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
210. University of California, San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, CA, USA.
211. University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada.
212. University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub, Cambridge, UK.
213. Semmelweis University, Department of Physiology, Budapest, Hungary.
214. Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science and Technology (ASTAR), Singapore.
215. Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
216. Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Oslo, Norway.
217. Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Center for Molecular Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
218. Stellenbosch University, Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
219. Trinity College Dublin, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland.
220. Harvard University, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
221. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, NeuroRepair Department, Warsaw, Poland.
222. K.G. Jebsen Brain Tumor Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
223. Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Institute of Neurosciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
224. Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
225. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
226. Universitat de València, Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Valencia, Spain.
227. Universitat de València, Health Research Institute La Fe, Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Valencia, Spain.
228. Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, EPIGET LAB, Milan, Italy.
229. A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.
230. University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden.
231. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
232. SickKids Hospital, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto, Canada.
233. University of Toronto, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto, Canada.
234. Florida State University College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
235. The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
236. University of Antwerp, Centre for Proteomics, Antwerp, Belgium.
237. Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany.
238. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.
239. Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg, Denmark.
240. EVSEARCH.DK, Denmark.
241. Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
242. Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), NARILIS, Namur, Belgium.
243. Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Hematology-Hemostasis Laboratory, Yvoir, Belgium.
244. University of Padova, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padova, Italy.
245. Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
246. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
247. Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg, Germany.
248. Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark.
249. Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), Paris, France.
250. University of Pisa, Centro Dipartimentale di Biologia Cellulare Cardio-Respiratoria, Pisa, Italy.
251. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
252. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
253. University of Liège, GIGA-R(MBD), PSI Laboratory, Liège, Belgium.
254. Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, London, UK.
255. National Cancer Center Research Institute, Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
256. McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
257. IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Madrid, Spain.
258. Spanish Kidney Research Network, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
259. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
260. Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
261. AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Cambridge, UK.
262. Statens Serum Institut, Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Copenhagen, Denmark.
263. University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
264. University of Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
265. Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
266. Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Molecular Oncology Programme, Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.
267. IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Bologna, Italy.
268. The Scripps Research Institute-Scripps Florida, Department of Molecular Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA.
269. Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
270. Duke University Medical Center, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Durham, NC, USA.
271. Durham VAMC, Medical Research Service, Durham, NC, USA.
272. Philipps University Marburg, Experimental Tumor Biology, Marburg, Germany.
273. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile.
274. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology-Oncology, Santiago, Chile.
275. CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
276. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
277. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
278. The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA.
279. Department of Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA, USA.
280. University of Palermo, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Palermo, Italy.
281. McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
282. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
283. Universidade Federal de Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
284. Institut Curie, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
285. University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
286. Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Rehovot, Israel.
287. University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurosurgery, Hamburg, Germany.
288. University of Minnesota Medical School, Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
289. CNC, Coimbra, Portugal.
290. Paracelsus Medical University, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Salzburg, Austria.
291. Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Salzburg, Austria.
292. University of Lyon, Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397), Pierre-Bénite, France.
293. Maastricht University, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
294. Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Rome, Italy.
295. West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
296. American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
297. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Cardiology, New York City, NY, USA.
298. Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
299. University of Chile, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Santiago, Chile.
300. Clínica las Condes, Extracellular Vesicles in Personalized Medicine Group, Santiago, Chile.
301. Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
302. Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Darmstadt, Germany.
303. University Medical Center Utrecht, Laboratory for Clinical Chemistry & Hematology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
304. University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Toronto, Canada.
305. University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
306. University of California, Los Angeles, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
307. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
308. University of California, Los Angeles, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
309. University of Gothenburg, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Gothenburg, Sweden.
310. Research Service, Olin E. Teague Veterans' Medical Center, Temple, TX, USA.
311. Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
312. Cancer Institute of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan.
313. University of Helsinki, EV Core Facility, Helsinki, Finland.
314. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, EV group, Helsinki, Finland.
315. INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Porto, Portugal.
316. University of Porto, i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Porto, Portugal.
317. University of Porto, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal.
318. Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland.
319. Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA.
320. René Rachou Institute/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
321. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
322. Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
323. Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
324. Massachusetts General Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
325. FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Transfusion and Haemostaseology Department, Erlangen, Germany.
326. University of Auckland, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Auckland, New Zealand.
327. Hiroshima University, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hiroshima, Japan.
328. University of Michigan, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
329. University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine - Hematology/Oncology Division, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
330. University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
331. Georgetown University, Department of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
332. Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Lucknow, India.
333. National University of Singapore, Faculty of Dentistry, Singapore.
334. INSERM U1068, Aix Marseille University, CNRS UMR7258, Marseille, France.
335. UNIFESP, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Diadema, Brazil.
336. Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Functional Genomics Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.
337. Universidad de la República, Faculty of Science, Nuclear Research Center, Analytical Biochemistry Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.
338. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
339. University of Perugia, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Perugia, Italy.
340. University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
341. TGen, Neurogenomics Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
342. Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, INSERM U894, Paris, France.
343. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
344. Mayo Clinic, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA.
345. IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
346. University of Porto, Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUP), Porto, Portugal.
347. University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA.
348. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
349. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
350. The University of Melbourne, The Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia.
351. UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
352. Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
353. Regional Research Network on Extracellular Vesicles, RRNEV, Oslo, Norway.
354. University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
355. University of Gothenburg, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Mölndal, Sweden.
356. Case Western Reserve University, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
357. University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
358. Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA.
359. Danube University Krems, Department for Biomedical Research and Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
360. University of Würzburg, Rudolf Virchow Center, Würzburg, Germany.
361. The University of Vermont Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
362. University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aachen, Germany.
363. Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Stockholm, Sweden.
364. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China.
365. Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, USA.
366. Mayo Clinic, Department of Transplantation Medicine/Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
367. George Papanicolaou Hospital, Public Cord Blood Bank, Department of Haematology - BMT Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece.
368. Universidade Federal de São Paulo Campus Diadema, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, São Paulo, Brazil.
369. Xiamen University, Department of Chemical Biology, Xiamen, China.
370. Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.
371. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain.
372. Tsinghua University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China.
373. Technical University Eindhoven, Faculty Biomedical Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
374. University of Padova, Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova, Italy.
375. Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.
376. Institute of Physiology CAS, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic.
377. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Bioengineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
378. Vilnius University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
379. Guangzhou Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China.
380. Karolinska Institute, Clinical Research Center, Unit for Molecular Cell and Gene Therapy Science, Stockholm, Sweden.
381. Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France.
382. KU Leuven (Leuven University), Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium.
383. University of California, Davis, Department of Nutrition, Davis, CA, USA.
384. Exosomics Siena SpA, Siena, Italy.

PMID: 30637094 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750

Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called Exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that Exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Keywords

ectosomes; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; guidelines; microparticles; microvesicles; minimal information requirements; reproducibility; rigor; standardization.