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GPR109

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	GPR109A (18) Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (2) Drug Metabolite (5) Endogenous Metabolite (8) Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) (4) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (4) mAChR (1) MMP (2) nAChR (1) Reference Standards (6)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (5) Cardiovascular Disease (4) Infection (2) Inflammation/Immunology (12) Metabolic Disease (14) Neurological Disease (8)

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Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Targets Recommended: GPR39 G2A (GPR132) EBI2/GPR183 GPR84 Kisspeptin Receptor Succinate Receptor 1 GPR55 GPR88 GPR171 GPR35 GPR119 GPR4 GPR139 GPR6 GPR65 GPR52 GPR68 GPR109A MCHR1 (GPR24) CX3CR1 Neuropeptide S Receptor

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-103252

Monomethyl fumarate Maximum Cited Publications 7 Publications Verification	GPR109A Drug Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-17585

Mepenzolate bromide 5+ Cited Publications	mAChR GPR109A	Others Inflammation/Immunology
Mepenzolate bromide is an orally administered muscarinic receptor antagonist with K_is of 0.68 and 2.6 nM for hM2R and hM3R, respectively. Mepenzolate bromide can be used to suppress the gastrointestinal hypermotility associated with irritable bowel syndrome .Mepenzolate bromide is a *GPR109A* inhibitor .

HY-W014502

D-Kynurenine	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Endogenous Metabolite	Cancer
D-kynurenine, a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine. D-Kynurenine is an agonist for G protein-coupled receptor, *GPR109B. D-Kynurenine is a substrate in a fluorometric assay of D-amino acid oxidase. D-kynurenine promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)* .

HY-107580

GPR109 receptor agonist-1	GPR109A	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
GPR109 receptor agonist-1 is a highly selective agonist of the human orphan G protein-coupled receptor *GPR109b, and does not activate the mouse homologous receptor PUMA-G. GPR109* receptor agonist-1 functionally modulates the human *GPR109b* receptor via the cAMP signaling pathway, with an EC₅₀ of 400 nM. GPR109 receptor agonist-1 inhibits isoproterenol (HY-B0468)-stimulated lipolysis in human subcutaneous adipocytes, with efficacy comparable to that of Niacin (HY-B0143), and does not act on β-adrenergic receptors. GPR109 receptor agonist-1 can be used in studies related to dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis .

HY-Y0079

D-Phenylalanine	Endogenous Metabolite	Infection
D-Phenylalanine is an atypical D-amino acid and an inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine mainly replaces D-alanine (D-Ala) by incorporating into the fourth and fifth positions of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), changing the cell wall structure, enhancing bacterial acid resistance and affecting biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine may promote the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in mammals by activating the intestinal GPR109B receptor. D-Phenylalanine can inhibit the maturation of microbial biofilms and promote the release of specific hormones. It can be used for antibacterial preservation, improving the yield of probiotics in the food industry, and studying appetite regulation and blood sugar control in metabolic diseases such as diabetes .

HY-10680

MK-6892 Maximum Cited Publications 7 Publications Verification	GPR109A	Cancer
MK-6892 is a potent, selective, and full agonist for the high affinity nicotinic acid (NA) receptor *GPR109A. K_i* and GTPγS EC₅₀ of MK-6892 on the Human GPR109A is 4 nM and 16 nM, respectively.

HY-W004049

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and *GPR109A*. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study .

HY-135982

GPR81 agonist 1 4 Publications Verification	Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Metabolic Disease
GPR81 agonist 1 is a potent and highly selective GPR81 agonist, with EC₅₀s of 58 nM and 50 nM for human and mouse GPR81, respectively. GPR81 agonist 1 inhibits lipolysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. GPR81 agonist 1 suppresses lipolysis in mice without cutaneous flushing. GPR81 agonist 1 displays remarkable selectivity for GPR81 over GPR109a .

HY-119222

GSK256073 2 Publications Verification	GPR109A	Metabolic Disease
GSK256073 is a potent, selective and orally active *GPR109A* agonist and a long-lasting and non-flushing HCA2 full agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 7.5 (human HCA2). GSK256073 acutely improves glucose homeostasis via inhibition of lipolysis and has the potential for the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)and dyslipidemia . GPR109A: G-protein coupled receptor 109A; HCA2: hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2

HY-176817

GPR109 receptor agonist-3	GPR109A	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
GPR109 receptor agonist-3 is an orally active GPR109 receptor agonist, with an IC₅₀ of 310 nM. GPR109 receptor agonist-3 retains the antioxidation and cytoprotection of Lipoic acid (HY-18733). GPR109 receptor agonist-3 reduces total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in high-fat diet-fed rats. GPR109 receptor agonist-3 can be used for the study of atherosclerosis .

HY-113058

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid	Endogenous Metabolite	Metabolic Disease
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by Pseudomonas oleophores. It is an agonist of the orphan receptor GPR109B, increasing intracellular calcium in human neutrophils endogenously expressing GPR109B. 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid prevents lipolysis in human adipocytes and is upregulated in human plasma in response to a ketogenic diet. Plasma levels of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid were also increased 3.41-fold in human male runners exhausted on a treadmill and in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) fed a high-glycemic diet.

HY-107581

MK-1903 1 Publications Verification	GPR109A MMP	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
MK-1903 is an orally active full agonist of *GPR109a/HCAR2, with an EC₅₀* of 12.9 nM. MK-1903 activates antilipolytic and vasodilatory pathways, reduces plasma free fatty acid levels, and induces skin flushing. MK-1903 stimulates the expression of HCAR2 protein and regulates the inflammatory response of microglia. MK-1903 prevents the enhanced firing activity of spinal nociceptive neurons. MK-1903 triggers the release of MMP-9 and the formation of NET. MK-1903 can be used in the research of dyslipidemia and neuroinflammation-based central nervous system diseases .

HY-13008

MK-0354 1 Publications Verification	GPR109A	Cancer
MK-0354 is a specific *GPR109a* receptor agonist with EC₅₀ values of 1.65 μM and 1.08 μM for hGPR109a and mGPR109a, respectively. MK-0354 can be used in liver cancer research .

HY-W095200

GPR109 receptor agonist-2	GPR109A	Cardiovascular Disease
GPR109 receptor agonist-2 (Compound 5) is a selective *GPR109a* agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 5.53 .

HY-107579

Acifran AY 25712	GPR109A	Cardiovascular Disease
Acifran (AY 25712), an antihyperlipidemic agent, is an orally active agonist of GPR109A (HM74A) and GPR109B, the high and low affinity receptors for Niacin .

HY-103252S

Monomethyl fumarate-d3 1 Publications Verification	GPR109A Isotope-Labeled Compounds Drug Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Monomethyl fumarate-d₃ is a deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252). Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-103252S2

Monomethyl fumarate-d2	Isotope-Labeled Compounds GPR109A Drug Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Monomethyl fumarate-d₂ is a deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252). Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-W004049R

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and *GPR109A*. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study.

HY-47823

GPCR agonist-2	GPR109A	Metabolic Disease
GPCR agonist-2 (Compound 5j) is a GPCR *GPR109b* (HM74) agonist, with a pEC₅₀ value of 6.51. GPCR agonist-2 can be used for research of lipid disorders .

HY-111143

SCH-900271 1 Publications Verification	nAChR	Metabolic Disease
SCH-900271 is an orally active, potent nicotinic acid receptor (NAR) agonist with an EC₅₀ of 2 nM in the hu-GPR109a assay. SCH-900271 exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) .

HY-W014502R

D-Kynurenine (Standard)	Reference Standards Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Endogenous Metabolite	Cancer
D-Kynurenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-Kynurenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-kynurenine, a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine. D-Kynurenine is an agonist for G protein-coupled receptor, *GPR109B. D-Kynurenine is a substrate in a fluorometric assay of D-amino acid oxidase. D-kynurenine promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)* .

HY-119222A

GSK256073 tris	GPR109A	Metabolic Disease
GSK256073 tris is a potent, selective and orally active *GPR109A* agonist and a long-lasting and non-flushing HCA2 full agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 7.5 (human HCA2). GSK256073 tris acutely improves glucose homeostasis via inhibition of lipolysis and has the potential for the study of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)and dyslipidemia . GPR109A: G-protein coupled receptor 109A; HCA2: hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2

HY-113058R

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (Standard)	Endogenous Metabolite Reference Standards	Infection Metabolic Disease
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (HY-113058). 3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by Pseudomonas oleophores. It is an agonist of the orphan receptor GPR109B, increasing intracellular calcium in human neutrophils endogenously expressing GPR109B. 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid prevents lipolysis in human adipocytes and is upregulated in human plasma in response to a ketogenic diet.

HY-103252R

Monomethyl fumarate (Standard)	Reference Standards GPR109A Drug Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Monomethyl fumarate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Monomethyl fumarate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease[1][2][3].

HY-103252S1

Monomethyl fumarate-d5	Isotope-Labeled Compounds GPR109A Drug Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Monomethyl fumarate-d₅ is deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252) . Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-10680R

MK-6892 (Standard)	Reference Standards GPR109A	Cancer
MK-6892 (Standard) is the analytical standard of MK-6892 (HY-10680). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. MK-6892 is a potent, selective, and full agonist for the high affinity nicotinic acid (NA) receptor GPR109A. K_i and GTPγS EC₅₀ of MK-6892 on the Human GPR109A is 4 nM and 16 nM, respectively.

HY-107581R

MK-1903 (Standard)	Reference Standards GPR109A MMP	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
MK-1903 (Standard) is the analytical standard of MK-1903 (HY-107581). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. MK-1903 is an orally active full agonist of *GPR109a/HCAR2, with an EC₅₀* of 12.9 nM. MK-1903 activates antilipolytic and vasodilatory pathways, reduces plasma free fatty acid levels, and induces skin flushing. MK-1903 stimulates the expression of HCAR2 protein and regulates the inflammatory response of microglia. MK-1903 prevents the enhanced firing activity of spinal nociceptive neurons. MK-1903 triggers the release of MMP-9 and the formation of NET. MK-1903 can be used in the research of dyslipidemia and neuroinflammation-based central nervous system diseases.

HY-W004049S

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-d4	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (HY-W004049). 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and GPR109A. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-113058

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid	Biochemical Assay Reagents
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by Pseudomonas oleophores. It is an agonist of the orphan receptor GPR109B, increasing intracellular calcium in human neutrophils endogenously expressing GPR109B. 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid prevents lipolysis in human adipocytes and is upregulated in human plasma in response to a ketogenic diet. Plasma levels of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid were also increased 3.41-fold in human male runners exhausted on a treadmill and in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) fed a high-glycemic diet.

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid

Biochemical Assay Reagents

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by Pseudomonas oleophores. It is an agonist of the orphan receptor GPR109B, increasing intracellular calcium in human neutrophils endogenously expressing GPR109B. 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid prevents lipolysis in human adipocytes and is upregulated in human plasma in response to a ketogenic diet. Plasma levels of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid were also increased 3.41-fold in human male runners exhausted on a treadmill and in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) fed a high-glycemic diet.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-W014502

D-Kynurenine	Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Cancer	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Endogenous Metabolite
D-kynurenine, a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine. D-Kynurenine is an agonist for G protein-coupled receptor, *GPR109B. D-Kynurenine is a substrate in a fluorometric assay of D-amino acid oxidase. D-kynurenine promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)* .

HY-Y0079

D-Phenylalanine	Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
D-Phenylalanine is an atypical D-amino acid and an inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine mainly replaces D-alanine (D-Ala) by incorporating into the fourth and fifth positions of bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), changing the cell wall structure, enhancing bacterial acid resistance and affecting biofilm formation. D-Phenylalanine may promote the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in mammals by activating the intestinal GPR109B receptor. D-Phenylalanine can inhibit the maturation of microbial biofilms and promote the release of specific hormones. It can be used for antibacterial preservation, improving the yield of probiotics in the food industry, and studying appetite regulation and blood sugar control in metabolic diseases such as diabetes .

HY-W004049

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Monophenols Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Phenols Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and *GPR109A*. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study .

HY-113058

3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid	Microorganisms Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
3-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a hydroxylated fatty acid that has been found in the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in methyl-branched poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) polymers produced by Pseudomonas oleophores. It is an agonist of the orphan receptor GPR109B, increasing intracellular calcium in human neutrophils endogenously expressing GPR109B. 3-Hydroxycaprylic acid prevents lipolysis in human adipocytes and is upregulated in human plasma in response to a ketogenic diet. Plasma levels of 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid were also increased 3.41-fold in human male runners exhausted on a treadmill and in a mouse model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) fed a high-glycemic diet.

HY-107579

Acifran AY 25712	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	GPR109A
Acifran (AY 25712), an antihyperlipidemic agent, is an orally active agonist of GPR109A (HM74A) and GPR109B, the high and low affinity receptors for Niacin .

HY-W004049R

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Monophenols Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Phenols Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and *GPR109A*. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study.

HY-W014502R

D-Kynurenine (Standard)	Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite	Reference Standards Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Endogenous Metabolite
D-Kynurenine (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-Kynurenine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-kynurenine, a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine. D-Kynurenine is an agonist for G protein-coupled receptor, *GPR109B. D-Kynurenine is a substrate in a fluorometric assay of D-amino acid oxidase. D-kynurenine promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)* .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-103252S

Monomethyl fumarate-d3 1 Publications Verification
Monomethyl fumarate-d₃ is a deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252). Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-103252S2

Monomethyl fumarate-d2
Monomethyl fumarate-d₂ is a deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252). Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-103252S1

Monomethyl fumarate-d5
Monomethyl fumarate-d₅ is deuterium labeled Monomethyl fumarate (HY-103252) . Monomethyl fumarate, an active metabolite of Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) (HY-17363), is a potent GPR109A agonist. Monomethyl fumarate has the potential for multiple neuroprotective pathways and other models of retinal disease .

HY-W004049S

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-d4
3-Hydroxybenzoic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (HY-W004049). 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an orally active endogenous metabolite. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid is an agonist for GPR81 and GPR109A. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid acts as stress response desensitizers. 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid can be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic study .

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