D-Kynurenine 

D-kynurenine, a metabolite of D-tryptophan, can serve as the bioprecursor of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine. D-Kynurenine is an agonist for G protein-coupled receptor, GPR109B. D-Kynurenine is a substrate in a fluorometric assay of D-amino acid oxidase. D-kynurenine promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)^[1][2][3][4].

D-kynurenine (10, 40, 60, and 100 µM) positively regulates the metastasis of 95D cells, a lung cancer cell line, which is reduced upon siRNAAhr treatment. Significant enhancement VIM expression was detected in the presence of D-kynurenine (10 and 40 µM). 10 µM D-kynurenine markedly attenuates E-cadherin level. 10 µM D-kynurenine-mediated changes of VIM and E-cadherin are substantially attenuated on siRNAAhr treatment as well. The evidences-10/40 µM D-kynurenine-induced up-regulation of CYP1A1, 10 µM D-kynurenine-induced increase of nuclear transfer of Ahr, and 10/40/60/100 µM D-kynurenine-induced enhancement of DER-luciferase activity-indicated that D-kynurenine Is capable of activating Ahr in fact^[4].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

208.21

Solid

C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₃

13441-51-5

O=C(C(C=CC=C1)=C1N)C[[email protected]@H](N)C(O)=O

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

• [1]. Wang XD, et al. A method for the determination of D-kynurenine in biological tissues. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013 Dec;405(30):9747-54.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Irukayama-Tomobe Y, et al. Aromatic D-amino acids act as chemoattractant factors for human leukocytes through a G protein-coupled receptor, GPR109B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 10;106(10):3930-4.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Kozaki A, et al. Fluorimetric assay for D-amino acid oxidase activity in rat brain homogenate by using D-kynurenine as a substrate. Biosci Trends. 2012 Oct;6(5):241-7.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Duan Z, et al. Promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by D-kynurenine via activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Mol Cell Biochem. 2018 Nov;448(1-2):165-173.  [Content Brief]