Furalaxyl

Furalaxyl (CGA 38140) (compound 1) (0.02 M; 3 h; CH₃CN; O₂ saturated; UV/Pyrex) shows 100% conversion under photosensitized conditions with methylene blue, 9,10-dicyanoanthracene, or rose bengal, while conversion is <10% and 30% under phenanthrene and benzophenone conditions, respectively; under visible light/triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate conditions, conversion is 70%^[1].
Furalaxyl (1 × 10^-3 M; sunlight; CH₃CN) reaches 100% conversion within 1 d in the presence of rose bengal, whereas without the photosensitizer, the conversion is <5% after 1 d. In water containing 1% CH₃CN, the conversion is <2% after 8 d of irradiation without the photosensitizer, and reaches 10% after 1 d of irradiation with rose bengal added^[1].
Furalaxyl (3 d) inhibits the growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata algae, with an IC₅₀ of 23.98 mg/L^[1].
Furalaxyl inhibits sporangium formation in Phytophthora palmivora with an ED₅₀ of 0.05 μM, whereas the ED₅₀ values for sporangium germination and zoospore germination are both >10 μM^[2].
Furalaxyl (1, 5, or 10 μM; 1 h) does not inhibit oxygen uptake in Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora nicotianae, and Phytophthora palmivora; at 10 μM, oxygen uptake is 132%, 141%, and 196% of the untreated control, respectively^[2].
Furalaxyl (0.03-3 μg/mL; 4 h) does not inhibit glucose-dependent oxygen consumption in Pythium splendens^[3].
Furalaxyl inhibits mycelial growth of Pythium ultimum, with ED₅₀ values of 0.03 μM in both potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth^[2].
Furalaxyl inhibits mycelial growth of Phytophthora nicotianae, with ED₅₀ values of 1.44 μM and 2.9 μM in potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth, respectively^[2].
Furalaxyl inhibits mycelial growth of Phytophthora palmivora, with ED₅₀ values of <0.5 μM and 0.35 μM in potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth, respectively^[2].
Furalaxyl (0.1-1 μM; 4 h) inhibits the incorporation of [¹⁴C]-labeled amino acids into proteins in Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora palmivora, and Phytophthora nicotianae; at 1 μM, the inhibition rates are 19.1%, 23.2%, and 37.8%, respectively^[2].
Furalaxyl (up to 12 h) inhibits Phytophthora palmivora DNA and RNA synthesis, with RNA synthesis being more strongly inhibited; after 12 h of treatment, the degree of RNA synthesis inhibition is at least twice that of DNA synthesis^[2].
Furalaxyl causes germ tubes of Phytophthora palmivora to twist and increases hyphal branching, whereas sporangia and zoospores still germinate normally at the ED₅₀ concentration^[2].
Furalaxyl results in 21 nuclei per 100 μm at the growing hyphal tips of Phytophthora palmivora, compared with 25 nuclei per 100 μm in the control, suggesting that nuclear division may be inhibited^[2].
Furalaxyl (24 °C; 1-3 weeks) exhibits selective antifungal activity against the Peronosporales in oomycetes, with various Phytophthora and Pythium species being sensitive to Furalaxyl, while a large number of other fungi remain insensitive at concentrations up to 300 μg/mL^[3].
The activity of Furalaxyl against Pythium splendens and Phytophthora cinnamomi increases with decreasing culture temperature; at 10, 15, and 30 °C, the EC₅₀/MIC values for P. splendens are 0.01/0.03, 0.1/0.3, and 0.1/0.3 μg/mL, respectively, while those for P. cinnamomi are 0.03/0.3, 0.3/10, and 3/30 μg/mL^[3].
Furalaxyl (10 μg/mL; 1 d) prevents Pythium splendens from resuming growth after transfer to Furalaxyl-free medium; at the MIC concentration, Furalaxyl primarily exhibits growth inhibition during the initial 24 h, and shows fungicidal activity after continuous exposure for 7 d^[3].
Furalaxyl (0.03-10 μg/mL; 1-7 d) has a minor effect on the germination of swollen hyphal bodies of Pythium splendens, but exposure to 0.03 μg/mL for 1 d reduces hyphal growth and branching; treatment with 0.3-1 μg/mL and higher concentrations for 3 d induces marked hyphal morphological changes, and after 7 d of treatment, no new swollen hyphal body formation is observed even at the lowest tested concentration^[3].
Furalaxyl (5 h) increases total lipid uptake of [¹⁴C]acetate by approximately 20% in Pythium ultimum and alters the distribution of lipid components such as phospholipids, diacylglycerols, and triacylglycerols^[2].

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