Morus alba L.

Chalcomoracin is an orally active anticancer agent. Chalcomoracin exhibits anticancer, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, with an IC₅₀ of 14.23 µM against yeast α-glucosidase and an IC₅₀ of 5.5 μM against FabI of Staphylococcus aureus. Chalcomoracin reduces the phosphorylation levels of ERK, JNK, and P38; enhances the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2; regulates the MAPK, mTOR, AKT, and p53 signaling pathways; upregulates the expression of Chop, Bip, PINK1, GRP78, and GADD153; and downregulates the expression of Alix. Chalcomoracin induces apoptosis (apoptosis), endoplasmic reticulum stress (endoplasmic reticulum stress), paraptosis (paraptosis), ROS production, mitophagy (mitophagy), and autophagy (autophagy); it inhibits cancer cell viability, colony-forming ability, migration, invasion, proliferation, tumorigenesis, fatty acid synthesis, S. aureus growth, vitreous-stimulated retinal cell activity, and cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase. Chalcomoracin can be used in research related to hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, prostate cancer, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pancreatic cancer, diabetes, and bacterial infections.

Kuwanon L is an HIV-1 integrase (HIV-1 integrase) inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 42 μM and 34 μM for LEDGF-dependent and LEDGF-independent integrase, respectively. Kuwanon L blocks the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and LEDGF/p75, with an IC₅₀ of 22 μM. Kuwanon L inhibits HIV-1 replication in immune cells. Kuwanon L is applicable to research related to HIV-1 infection.

Morusalnol B is a natural flavonoid.

Kuwanon U is a potent cholinesterase inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 19.69, 10.11 µM and K_is of 6.48, 9.59 µM for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively. Kuwanon U has the potential for the research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Albanol B is an arylbenzofuran derivative which can be isolated from mulberries. Albanol B exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities. Albanol B inhibits cancer cells proliferation, down-regulates CDK1 expression. Albanol B also induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis. And Albanol B induces mitochondrial ROS production and increases the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK1/2.

Sanggenon G is a cell-permeable and potent inhibitor of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Sanggenon G binds specifically to the BIR3 domain of XIAP with a binding affinity of 34.26 μM. Sanggenon G enhances caspase activation.

Sanggenon A (Sanggenone A) exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating NF-κB and HO-1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. Sanggenon A markedly inhibits the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; HY-D1056)-induced production of nitric oxide.

Sanggenofuran A is a natural product that can be found in mulberry.

Moracenin D is a natural flavonoid.

Kuwanon F is a natural flavonoid.

Sanggenon M is a natural phenolic compound.

Sanggenon I is a natural flavonoid.

2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone (Compound 18) is a selective and potent BACE1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.62 μM. 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone is a derivative of Isoliquiritigenin (HY-N0102) found in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone can block the β-cutting step of amyloid precursor protein (APP), thereby reducing the production of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. 2,2′,4,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone can be used for research of Alzheimer’s disease.

Albafuran C is a natural phenolic compound.

Sanggenon B (Sanggenone B) is a compound that can be extracted from mulberry trees and has an inhibitory effect on NO production in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS (HY-D1056). Sanggenon B has anti-inflammatory activity.