Glutathione Peroxidase Modulator

Spirotetramat (BY-108330) is an orally active Insecticide and lipid biosynthesis inhibitor. Spirotetramat regulates the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), with short-term exposure increasing their activities and long-term exposure altering their activities. Spirotetramat induces the activity and mRNA expression of carboxylesterase (CarE). Spirotetramat induces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in tadpoles. Spirotetramat is toxic to amphibian tadpoles and exhibits sublethal/non-lethal toxicity to amphibians. Spirotetramat causes death in immature psyllids, aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, whiteflies and thrips, and shows a high lethal rate against Cacopsylla pyri nymphs. Spirotetramat reduces the fecundity of Aphis gossypii. Spirotetramat induces tolerance in the offspring of exposed Aphis gossypii, and acts on Myzus persicae, Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae.

Clerodin (3-Deoxycaryoptinol) is a natural diterpenoid compound that can be isolated from traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Clerodendrum infortunatum. Clerodin exhibits caspase-3 regulation, apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, ROS induction and glutathione depletion effects, along with anti-cancer and antifeedant activities. It shows selective cytotoxicity against leukemia cells and breast cancer cells, but has no obvious toxicity to normal human blood cells and lymphocytes. Clerodin also reduces the feeding behavior of Helicoverpa armigera larvae on cabbage leaf discs, but has no significant contact toxicity to these larvae. Clerodin can be used in research related to acute monocytic leukemia and human breast cancer.

Methiocarb (Mercaptodimethur) is an orally active carbamate insecticide. Methiocarb exerts dose-dependent toxic effects on onions. In addition to inhibiting acetylcholinesterase to induce cholinergic excitation, Methiocarb can induce lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney, brain and testicular tissues and alter reduced glutathione levels by generating ROS. Methiocarb can be used for agricultural pest control and research on oxidative stress-related cellular damage in mammals.