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Glutamine synthetase

Definition:

Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development: acts by regulating membrane localization and activation of the GTPase RHOJ, possibly by promoting RHOJ palmitoylation. May act as a palmitoyltransferase for RHOJ: able to autopalmitoylate and then transfer the palmitoyl group to RHOJ. Plays a role in ribosomal 40S subunit biogenesis.

References:

[1]. Guy Eelen, et al. Role of glutamine synthetase in angiogenesis beyond glutamine synthesis. Nature. 2018 Sep;561(7721):63-69. [Content Brief]

[2]. Johannes Häberle, et al. Congenital glutamine deficiency with glutamine synthetase mutations. N Engl J Med. 2005 Nov 3;353(18):1926-33. [Content Brief]

[3]. T Vermeulen, et al. Glutamine synthetase is essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2008 Oct 1;478(1):96-102. [Content Brief]

[4]. Lukas Badertscher, et al. Genome-wide RNAi Screening Identifies Protein Modules Required for 40S Subunit Synthesis in Human Cells. Cell Rep. 2015 Dec 29;13(12):2879-91. [Content Brief]

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