Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is a type of isoprenoid metabolic intermediate, mainly synthesized through the mevalonate pathway. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is a key precursor in various biological synthesis processes, especially as a necessary substrate for post-translational modification of proteins - geranylgeranyl phosphorylation. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate regulates various cellular processes and disease progression through protein geranylgeranyl phosphorylation, such as activating the YAP signaling pathway, promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis; promoting IL-2 production and STAT5 phosphorylation; and influencing metabolic homeostasis and cancer, etc.
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- CAS No.: 6699-20-3
- Formula: C20H36O7P2
- Molecular Weight:450.44
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Storage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
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IL-2 |
STAT5 |
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μM, 24 h) completely reverses the inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and the disorder of GLUT4 membrane translocation caused by Simvastatin (HY-17502) in C2C12 cells[1].
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (25 μM, 72 h) regulates the TGF-β1-induced fibroblast-myofibroblast transformation through linalyl modification[2].
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μM, 48 h) promotes hepatic lipid accumulation by prenylation of Perilipin4 in primary mouse liver cells[3].
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μM, 96 h) in primary CD4+ and CD25 T cells modifies Ras protein by geranylgeranylylation, activates the Ras/ERK pathway, promotes IL-2 expression, and thereby enhances STAT5 phosphorylation, driving Treg cell differentiation[4].
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (10 μM, 12 h) completely reverses the proliferation defect and cell apoptosis caused by GGPS1 knockdown or Simvastatin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells[5].
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, when its levels are reduced, inhibits the geranylgeranylation of oncogenic GTPases, ultimately inducing cancer cell death[6].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:Primary human dermal fibroblasts and primary human cardiac fibroblasts
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Concentration:25 μM with Digeranyl bisphosphonate (DGBP) (HY-U00145) and TGF-β1
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Incubation Time:72 h
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Result:Reversed the inhibitory effect of DGBP, the levels of markers such as α-SMA, HSP47, periostin, and FAP were increased.
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Cell Line:Primary CD4+ and CD25 T cells
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Concentration:10 μM
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Incubation Time:96 h
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Result:Promoted the geranylgeranylation of Ras protein and activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
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Cell Line:Primary CD4+ and CD25 T cells
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Concentration:10 μM
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Incubation Time:96 h
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Result:Increased the expression of IL-2 mRNA and enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT5.
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Cell Line:human umbilical vein endothelial cells
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Concentration:10 μM
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Incubation Time:12 h
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Result:Completely reversed cell apoptosis caused by GGPS1 knockdown or Simvastatin.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Colitis induced by DSS established in female C57BL/6 mice (8-12 weeks old)[1]
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Dosage:10 mg/kg
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Administration:Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), once daily for 10 days
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Result:Significantly reduced weight loss, increased colon length, and lowered bleeding score. Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and mucosal damage. Regulated the balance of T cells.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 6699-20-3
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Molecular Weight 450.44
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Formula C20H36O7P2
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SMILES
O=P(O)(OP(O)(O)=O)OC/C=C(C)/CC/C=C(C)/CC/C=C(C)/CC/C=C(C)/C
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Purity & Documentation
References
[1]. Zhu L, et al. Dietary Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Counteracts the Benefits of Statin Therapy in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation. 2021 May 4;143(18):1775-1792. [Content Brief]
[2]. Wang L, et al. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate depletion by statins compromises skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022 Dec;13(6):2697-2711. [Content Brief]
[3]. Ross GR, et al. Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Promotes Profibrotic Factors and Collagen-Specific Chaperone HSP47 in Fibroblasts. J Cell Mol Med. 2024 Dec;28(24):e70273. [Content Brief]
[4]. Zhao Y, et al. Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Promotes Hepatic Lipid Accumulation by Prenylation of Perilipin4. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;19(9):101546. [Content Brief]
[5]. Pandit M, et al. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate amplifies Treg differentiation via increased IL-2 expression to ameliorate DSS-induced colitis. Eur J Immunol. 2021 Jun;51(6):1461-1472. [Content Brief]
[6]. Waller DD, et al. Inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and/or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) biosynthesis and its implication in the treatment of cancers. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2019 Feb;54(1):41-60. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Related Classifications
HY-126370 Related Classifications
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