Cat. No.: HY-125944

MitoTEMPO hydrate

167 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 167 publication(s) in Google Scholar

MitoTEMPO hydrate is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. MitoTEMPO hydrate induces mitophagy by activating the PINK1/Parkin pathway, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, and improves renal function and podocyte injury. MitoTEMPO hydrate regulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis, inhibits Bnip3 overexpression, shortens action potential duration, and exerts antiarrhythmic effects. MitoTEMPO hydrate reverses premature senescence, reduces trabecular bone loss, and decreases cell apoptosis. MitoTEMPO hydrate can be used in studies of chronic kidney disease, age-related cardiac dysfunction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and ischemic stroke.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.03%
CAS No.: 1569257-94-8
Formula: C₂₉H₃₇ClN₂O₃P
Molecular Weight:528.04

Storage:

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

MitoTEMPO hydrate Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 1569257-94-8

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (167)
Purity & Documentation
References
Calculators
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms :

All Calcium Channel Isoforms :

In Vitro

MitoTEMPO (200 μM; 24 h) hydrate inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and protects human podocytes (HPC) from TNF-α-induced injury^[1].
MitoTEMPO (200 μM; 24 h) hydrate improves mitochondrial function and induces PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy in TNF-α-injured human podocytes (HPC)^[1].
MitoTEMPO (200 μM; 24 h) hydrate inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in TNF-α-injured human podocytes (HPC) in a Parkin-dependent manner^[1].
MitoTEMPO (0.1-10 μM; 2 days) hydrate significantly reduces mitochondrial superoxide levels in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of rats in the sham-operated group, short-term ovariectomized (ST-OVX) group, and long-term ovariectomized (LT-OVX) group, with the most prominent effect on BMSCs in the LT-OVX group at the concentration of 1 μM^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 7 days) hydrate upregulates the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an early osteogenic marker, in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of rats with long-term ovariectomy (LT-OVX), and reverses the activity reduction caused by estrogen deficiency^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate alleviates premature senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats by reducing the expression of senescence markers, decreasing DNA damage, and ameliorating cell proliferation impairment^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate restores lysosomal acidity, reduces mature CTSB levels, and alleviates lysosomal dysfunction in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats induced by estrogen deficiency^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate enhances mitophagy in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats, which is evidenced by increased colocalization of mitochondrial markers and lysosomal markers^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate inhibits the activation of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR_mt) in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats induced by estrogen deficiency by reducing the expression of HSP60 and CLPP proteins^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate restores mitochondrial membrane potential in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats and alleviates estrogen deficiency-induced mitochondrial dysfunction^[3].
MitoTEMPO (1 μM; 2 days) hydrate improves mitochondrial respiratory function, including basal respiration, ATP-coupled respiration, and maximal respiration, in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) from ovariectomized (LT-OVX) rats^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Western Blot Analysis^[1]

Cell Line:

human podocyte cells (HPC)
Concentration:

200 μM (Target Reagent); 100 nM (Parkin siRNA)
Incubation Time:

24 h (co-treated with TNF-α); 24 h (Parkin siRNA transfection prior to TNF-α and Target Reagent treatment)
Result:

Lost the ability to significantly reduce the levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, or mature IL-1β in Parkin-silenced HPC, reversing the inhibitory effect observed in non-silenced cells.

In Vivo

MitoTEMPO (0.7 mg/kg; i.p.; once daily for 7 consecutive days) hydrate significantly improves renal function, alleviates podocyte injury, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and induces PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy in rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD)^[1].
MitoTEMPO (0.6 mg/kg; i.p.; once daily for 4 weeks) hydrate alleviates trabecular bone loss and reduces the expression of senescence and mitochondrial stress markers in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis^[3].
MitoTEMPO (0.7 mg/kg/day; i.p.; once daily for 14 consecutive days) hydrate exerts protective effects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiac and neurological dysfunction in male Wistar albino rats, as evidenced by the normalization of hemodynamic, electrocardiographic, biochemical and histological parameters compared with the IR group^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley (male, 6-8 weeks old, 180-220 g, CKD induced by subcutaneous injection of 1 mg C-BSA emulsion followed by tail vein injection of 0.5 mg C-BSA every other day for 21 days)^[1]
Dosage:

0.7 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 7 days
Result:

Significantly reduced 24-hour urinary protein levels at 35 days post-modeling.
Decreased serum creatinine (SCR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels compared to CKD model rats.
Reduced mean density of podocyte injury marker desmin by ~55% compared to CKD model rats.
Increased mean density of slit diaphragm protein podocin compared to CKD model rats.
Suppressed podocyte foot process fusion and reduced thickened glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness compared to CKD model rats.
Reduced colocalization of NLRP3 and ASC in glomeruli compared to CKD model rats.
Decreased protein levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, and mature IL-1β compared to CKD model rats.
Lowered mRNA levels of IL-1β and TNF-α compared to CKD model rats .
Increased LC3 II/I ratio, PINK1, and Parkin protein levels compared to CKD model rats.
Decreased p62 protein levels compared to CKD model rats.
Enhanced colocalization of LC3 and mitochondrial marker COX IV compared to CKD model rats.

Animal Model:

Sprague-Dawley (female, 10 weeks old at procurement, average weight 220 g; bilateral ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis model)^[3]
Dosage:

0.6 mg/kg
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 4 weeks
Result:

Significantly inhibited trabecular bone loss in OVX rats.
Improved trabecular bone thickness and density in treated OVX rats compared to vehicle-treated OVX rats.
Restored bone mineralization and deposition capabilities in treated OVX rats.
Reduced the expression of senescence-related marker p53 in the trabecular bone region of the proximal tibia.
Significantly decreased the expression of HSP60 and CLPP, markers of mitochondrial unfolded protein response, in OVX rats.

Animal Model:

Wistar Albino (17-week-old male, initial body weight 250-304 g, middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 3 days of reperfusion)^[4]
Dosage:

0.7 mg/kg/day
Administration:

i.p.; daily; 14 days
Result:

Increased final body weight to 302.57 g, compared to 285.75 g for the distilled water group.
Reduced heart weight/body weight ratio to 3.01 mg/g, which was statistically significantly lower than the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group's 3.39 mg/g.
Normalized volume of electrically participating tissue, left ventricular ejection time, and heart rate to levels not significantly different from the sham group, and statistically significantly different from the IR group.
Normalized P-R interval, QTc, T-wave time, T-wave repolarization time, and R-R interval to levels not significantly different from the sham group, and statistically significantly different from the IR group.
Increased blood serum total antioxidant status (TAS) compared to the IR group; decreased total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) compared to the IR group.
Increased heart left ventricle cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and inositol triphosphate (IP₃) levels to values close to the sham group and statistically significantly higher than the IR group.
Decreased brain right cerebral hemisphere catalase levels compared to the IR group.
Improved heart left ventricle tissue morphology to show mostly normal cardiac muscle cells with minimal myofibril degeneration, compared to widespread abnormalities in the IR group.
Improved brain right cerebral hemisphere tissue morphology to show mostly normal neurons and glial cells with fewer degenerative changes than the IR group.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 1569257-94-8
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 528.04
Formula C₂₉H₃₇ClN₂O₃P
Color Orange to red
SMILES

[O]N1C(C)(C)CC(NC(C[P+](C2=CC=CC=C2)(C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4)=O)CC1(C)C.[Cl-].O
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

-20°C, sealed storage, away from moisture

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Publications (167)

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Journal Impact Factor

Science

Macrophage peroxisomes guide alveolar regeneration and limit SARS-CoV-2 tissue sequelae. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 7;387(6738):eadq2509. PMID: 40048515
Immunity

Mitochondrial DNA released by senescent tumor cells enhances PMN-MDSC-driven immunosuppression through the cGAS-STING pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 8;58(4):811-825.e7. PMID: 40203808
Immunity

A metabolic switch orchestrated by IL-18 and the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP programs intestinal tolerance. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 19:S1074-7613(24)00305-4. PMID: 38906145
Nat Microbiol

Oxaloacetate sensing promotes innate immune antiviral defence against influenza virus infection. [Abstract]

2025 Oct;10(10):2521-2536. PMID: 40983701
ACS Nano

Adverse Outcome Pathway-Based Strategies to Mitigate Ag2Se Quantum Dot-Induced Neurotoxicity. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 25;19(11):11029-11048. PMID: 40063898
Nat Commun

Microbiota-induced EI24 improves homeostasis but impedes function of alveolar macrophages via metabolic regulation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 31;17(1):2227. PMID: 41620436
Nat Commun

Helicobacter hepaticus promotes hepatic steatosis through CdtB-induced mitochondrial stress and lipid metabolism reprogramming. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 26;16(1):7954. PMID: 40858606
Nat Commun

Oxidized mitochondrial DNA induces gasdermin D oligomerization in systemic lupus erythematosus. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 16;14(1):872. PMID: 36797275
Cell Death Differ

Vps34 sustains Treg cell survival and function via regulating intracellular redox homeostasis. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;31(11):1519-1533. PMID: 39117783
Acta Pharm Sin B

Targeting glutamine utilization to block metabolic adaptation of tumor cells under the stress of carboxyamidotriazole-induced nutrients unavailability. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;12(2):759-773. PMID: 35256945
Autophagy

Chaperone-mediated autophagy protects against hyperglycemic stress. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;20(4):752-768. PMID: 37798944
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Connexin43 Deficiency Leads to Ventricular Arrhythmias by Reprogramming Proline Metabolism. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;13(19):e16090. PMID: 41618855
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Redox Cascade in Chicken Skeletal Muscle: SELENOT Suppression in Selenium Deficiency Triggers Disulfidptosis via mtROS-NADPH Dysregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:e07283. PMID: 40953299
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Deoxynivalenol Exposure Leads to Abnormal Renal Tubular Autophagy Flow. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 26:e05486. PMID: 41013886
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Extracellularly Detectable Electrochemical Signals of Living Cells Originate from Metabolic Reactions. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;10(9):e2207084. PMID: 36737855
Nat Plants

MIRO1-mediated mitochondrial fusion is required for stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;12(3):635-652. PMID: 41644634
Leukemia

Mitochondrial fusion is a therapeutic vulnerability of acute myeloid leukemia. [Abstract]

2023 Apr;37(4):765-775. PMID: 36739349

MitoTEMPO hydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Leukemia. 2023 Apr;37(4):765-775. [Abstract]

Mito-TEMPO (MTTP; 50 nM; 48 h) efficiently reduces total and mitochondrial ROS content in PDX AML cells. CellROX dye, left panel, MitoSOX dye, right panel.
Theranostics

Inhibition of macrophage inflammasome assembly and pyroptosis with GC-1 ameliorates acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 20;15(6):2360-2374. PMID: 39990234
Biomaterials

Selective and iron-independent ferroptosis in cancer cells induced by manipulation of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:320:123259. PMID: 40112511
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

M2 macrophage-secreted KYNU promotes stemness remodeling and malignant behavior in endometrial cancer via the SOD2-mtROS-ERO1α-UPRER axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 4;44(1):193. PMID: 40616124
Sci Adv

Impaired mitochondrial metabolism is a critical cancer vulnerability for MYC inhibitors. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 18;11(29):eadw5228. PMID: 40668928
J Biomed Sci

Spatiotemporal roles of AMPK in PARP-1- and autophagy-dependent retinal pigment epithelial cell death caused by UVA. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 7;30(1):91. PMID: 37936170
Redox Biol

EMAP-II from macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles drives neutrophil extracellular traps formation via PI3K/AKT/mtROS in lung ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2025 Sep:85:103750. PMID: 40616949
Redox Biol

Podocyte SIRPα reduction in diabetic nephropathy aggravates podocyte injury by promoting pyruvate kinase M2 nuclear translocation. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 20:78:103439. PMID: 39586122
Redox Biol

Epigenetic modulation of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission by inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase promotes vascular senescence and atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2023 Sep:65:102828. PMID: 37517319
Redox Biol

BNP protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by promoting Opa1-mediated mitochondrial fusion via activating the PKG-STAT3 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:62:102702. PMID: 37116257
Redox Biol

PM2.5 increases susceptibility to acute exacerbation of COPD via NOX4/Nrf2 redox imbalance-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Feb:59:102587. PMID: 36608590
Redox Biol

Baicalin combats glutamate excitotoxicity via protecting glutamine synthetase from ROS-induced 20S proteasomal degradation. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;34:101559. PMID: 32473460

MitoTEMPO hydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Redox Biol. 2020 Jul;34:101559. [Abstract]

GS carbonylation in astrocytes under OGD/R. Mito-TEMPO decreases GS carbonylation in astrocytes.
Environ Sci Technol

Chronic Dietary Exposure to Environmental Levels of Glyphosate Increases the Risk of Reproductive Dysfunction in Male Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 5;59(30):15705-15719. PMID: 40698942
J Hazard Mater

Potential mechanisms of aortic medial degeneration promoted by co-exposure to microplastics and lead. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 7:475:134854. PMID: 38889468
J Hazard Mater

Environmental cadmium inhibits testicular testosterone synthesis via Parkin-dependent MFN1 degradation. [Abstract]

2024 May 15:470:134142. PMID: 38555669
J Hazard Mater

Sodium sulfite triggered hepatic apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis by inducing mitochondrial damage in mice and AML-12 cells. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 5:467:133719. PMID: 38335615
J Hazard Mater

MDM2 upregulation induces mitophagy deficiency via Mic60 ubiquitination in fetal microglial inflammation and consequently neuronal DNA damage caused by exposure to ZnO-NPs during pregnancy. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 5:457:131750. PMID: 37315416
J Hazard Mater

Gestational exposure to environmental cadmium induces placental apoptosis and fetal growth restriction via Parkin-modulated MCL-1 degradation. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 15;424(Pt A):127268. PMID: 34583167
J Immunother Cancer

Propafenone facilitates mitochondrial-associated ferroptosis and synergizes with immunotherapy in melanoma. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 24;12(11):e009805. PMID: 39581704
Mol Biomed

Iron accumulation in hypothalamus promotes age-dependent obesity and metabolic dysfunction of male mice. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 2;6(1):75. PMID: 41037185
Int J Biol Sci

Chronic Stress-induced Serotonin Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Cell Mitochondrial Biogenesis via the AMPK-PGC-1α Axis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 19;20(11):4476-4495. PMID: 39247815
Int J Biol Sci

Mitochondrial Dysfunction by FADDosome Promotes Gastric Mucosal Injury in Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 29;20(7):2658-2685. PMID: 38725851
Int J Biol Sci

Yap is essential for uterine decidualization through Rrm2/GSH/ROS pathway in response to Bmp2. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 6;18(6):2261-2276. PMID: 35414789
Environ Int

PPARα/ACOX1 as a novel target for hepatic lipid metabolism disorders induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: An integrated approach. [Abstract]

2023 Aug:178:108138. PMID: 37572494
Cell Death Dis

Liver kinase B1 maintains natural killer cell survival by regulating redox homeostasis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 27;17(1):413. PMID: 41896546
Cell Death Dis

Exploiting mitochondrial dysfunction to overcome BRAF inhibitor resistance in advanced melanoma: the role of disulfiram as a copper ionophore. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;16(1):482. PMID: 40592836
Cell Death Dis

Nestin protects podocyte from injury in lupus nephritis by mitophagy and oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2020 May 5;11(5):319. PMID: 32371936

MitoTEMPO hydrate purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2020 May 5;11(5):319. [Abstract]

Western blot assay shows the expression of nestin, PINK1, LC3 and p62 in the MPCs, which are pretreated with Mito-TEMPO and exposed to lupus nephritis plasma for 24 h.
Genes Dis

2025 Sep 23.
Cell Commun Signal

Tricyclic antidepressants induce liver inflammation by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [Abstract]

2023 May 25;21(1):123. PMID: 37231437
Dev Cell

Mitochondrial CCN1 drives ferroptosis via fatty acid β-oxidation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 18:S1534-5807(25)00206-0. PMID: 40280135
Int J Biol Macromol

Targeting OXCT1 with the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine as a therapeutic strategy for cerebral cavernous malformations. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:355:151129. PMID: 41865434
Int J Biol Macromol

Lipocalin 2 deficiency attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation through glycolysis impairment and MGST1-mediated mitochondrial ROS reduction. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;334(Pt 1):149021. PMID: 41260431
Acta Pharmacol Sin

YY1/HIF-1α/mROS positive-feedback loop exacerbates glomerular mesangial cell proliferation in mouse early diabetic kidney disease. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;46(7):1974-1989. PMID: 40038466
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Neutrophil extracellular traps promote acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice via AIM2. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;45(8):1660-1672. PMID: 38589685
Phytomedicine

Salvianolic acid B alleviated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via modulating SIRT3-mediated crosstalk between mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 14:136:156260. PMID: 39579610
Phytomedicine

Shikonin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through the mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1α/HO-1 axis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:135:156139. PMID: 39423479
Phytomedicine

Baicalin attenuates neuronal damage associated with SDH activation and PDK2-PDH axis dysfunction in early reperfusion. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:129:155570. PMID: 38579645
Free Radic Biol Med

Lysophosphatidylcholine promotes pulmonary fibrosis following lung injury by facilitating alveolar type 2 cell senescence via Mfsd2a-dependent, Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. [Abstract]

2026 May:248:255-271. PMID: 41740689
Free Radic Biol Med

Alexidine dihydrochloride enhances the sensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma to disulfidptosis via ATF4-DDIT3 activation. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 14:237:585-599. PMID: 40518125
Free Radic Biol Med

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy axis is involved in copper-induced ovarian ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 5:S0891-5849(25)00215-1. PMID: 40194638
Free Radic Biol Med

STING immune activation of microglia aggravating neurovascular unit damage in diabetic retinopathy. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 28:S0891-5849(25)00192-3. PMID: 40158743
Free Radic Biol Med

Lipotoxicity-induced upregulation of FIS1 exacerbates mitochondrial fragmentation and promotes NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 16:228:183-196. PMID: 39734056
Free Radic Biol Med

Targeting DUSP26 to drive cardiac mitochondrial dynamics via FAK-ERK signaling in diabetic cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5:225:856-870. PMID: 39510451
Free Radic Biol Med

Role of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Chemically-Induced Ferroptosis1. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 9:S0891-5849(24)00552-5. PMID: 38992393
Free Radic Biol Med

Atorvastatin combined with imipenem alleviates lung injury in sepsis by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation via the ERK/NOX2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 1:220:179-191. PMID: 38704053
Free Radic Biol Med

Verteporfin induces lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 20:212:493-504. PMID: 38184120
Sci Total Environ

New insights into brain injury in chickens induced by bisphenol A and selenium deficiency-Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitophagy-apoptosis crosstalk homeostasis. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 20:905:166890. PMID: 37683847
Basic Res Cardiol

Mitochondrial calpain-1 activates NLRP3 inflammasome by cleaving ATP5A1 and inducing mitochondrial ROS in CVB3-induced myocarditis. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 23;117(1):40. PMID: 35997820
J Orthop Translat

2026 Jan 6.
J Transl Med

Peroxynitrite regulates ER stress-mediated Ca2+ flux to mitochondria characterizing cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 10;23(1):1254. PMID: 41214689
Biomed Pharmacother

ATF4 protects against sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:153:113280. PMID: 35724508
Redox Rep

Prophylactic quercetin administration attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via ferroptosis-resistant priming of alveolar epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2026 Dec;31(1):2632434. PMID: 41697789
Redox Rep

FASN regulates CSE-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in type 2 alveolar epithelial cells by regulating NRF2 expression and nuclear translocation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;30(1):2550412. PMID: 41025365
Redox Rep

CISD2 regulates oxidative stress and mitophagy to maintain the balance of the follicular microenvironment in PCOS. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;29(1):2377870. PMID: 39010730
Oncogene

PLK1-mediated PDHA1 phosphorylation drives metabolic reprogramming in lung cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 16:10.1038/s41388-025-03571-1. PMID: 40957950
Environ Pollut

Nano-sized microplastics exposure induces skin cell senescence via triggering the mitochondrial localization of GSDMD. [Abstract]

2024 May 15:349:123874. PMID: 38552769
Aging Cell

Oxidative Stress and Diminished Mitochondrial Proteostatic Reserve Are Linked to Enhanced mtUPR Initiation in Aged Mouse Muscle. [Abstract]

2026 Jun;25(6):e70573. PMID: 42243621
Cell Death Discov

Iron derived from NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy causes cellular senescence via the cGAS-STING pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 18;9(1):419. PMID: 37980349
Cell Rep

Clec16a maintains definitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via mitophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 18;45(3):116978. PMID: 41719124
Clin Transl Med

OXA1L deficiency causes mitochondrial myopathy via reactive oxygen species regulated nuclear factor kappa B signalling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;15(6):e70385. PMID: 40551575
Clin Transl Med

ATG16L1 restrains macrophage NLRP3 activation and alveolar epithelial cell injury during septic lung injury. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;15(4):e70289. PMID: 40211890
Clin Transl Med

Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by HIF-1α under hypoxia contributes to the development of gastric mucosal lesions. [Abstract]

2024 Apr;14(4):e1653. PMID: 38616702
Antioxidants (Basel)

Muscone and (+)-Borneol Cooperatively Strengthen CREB Induction of Claudin 5 in IL-1 β-Induced Endothelium Injury. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 26;11(8):1455. PMID: 35892657
Phytother Res

Platycodin D2 Mediates Incomplete Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Mitochondrial ROS. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;39(2):581-592. PMID: 39581858
Cell Mol Life Sci

Mitochondrial oxidative stress inhibited Sirt3/Foxo3/PPARα pathway and aggravated copper and zinc co-deficiency-induced hepatic lipotoxicity in a fish model. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 5;82(1):226. PMID: 40471448
J Agric Food Chem

Apigenin-Mediated ESCRT-III Activation and Mitophagy Alleviate LPS-Induced Necroptosis in Renal Cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 10. PMID: 40211127
J Agric Food Chem

Sodium Sulfite-Triggered Hepatocyte Ferroptosis via mtROS/Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization-Mediated Lysosome Iron Efflux. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 1;71(43):16310-16322. PMID: 37871339
J Agric Food Chem

Free Fatty Acids Induce Apoptosis of Mammary Epithelial Cells of Ketotic Dairy Cows via the Mito-ROS/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 30;71(34):12645-12656. PMID: 37585786
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 mediated macrophage oxidative phosphorylation impairment drives pro-inflammatory M1 polarization aggravates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 15:310:119774. PMID: 41576503
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Arsenic exposure provoked prostatic PANoptosis by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in mice and WPMY-1 cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 3:295:118139. PMID: 40185034
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

The mechanism of nickel-induced autophagy and its role in nephrotoxicity. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 15:273:116150. PMID: 38430579
Int J Mol Med

Honokiol ameliorates pyroptosis in intestinal ischemia‑reperfusion injury by regulating the SIRT3‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;55(6):96. PMID: 40280115
Biochem Pharmacol

Scutellarein ameliorates pulmonary arterial hypertension via sirtuin 1 mediated deacetylation of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 4:116932. PMID: 40189160
Cell Prolif

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer alleviates pyroptosis in dental pulp damage. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;56(9):e13442. PMID: 37086012
NanoImpact

CdTe quantum dots induce apoptosis in RSC96 cells by disrupting calcium homeostasis and triggering subcellular structural dysfunction. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 15:39:100572. PMID: 40527434
J Ethnopharmacol

Duhuo Jisheng decoction alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis via gallic acid-mediated downregulation of HIF-1α. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 28:358:120957. PMID: 41317810
Mar Drugs

Fucoxanthin from Laminaria japonica Targeting PANoptosis and Ferroptosis Pathways: Insights into Its Therapeutic Potential Against Ovarian Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 12;23(3):123. PMID: 40137309
Chem Biol Interact

Integrated network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and experiment analysis to decipher the molecular mechanism of Salidroside on Gastric cancer via targeting NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 31:111368. PMID: 39746501
Chem Biol Interact

Aristolochic acid I induced mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation triggers the production of MitoROS and activates Src/FAK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 5:405:111269. PMID: 39426658
J Ethnopharmacol

Octahydroindolizine alkaloid Homocrepidine A from Dendrobium crepidatum attenuate P. acnes-induced inflammatory in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 11:118455. PMID: 38871011
Life Sci

Sinomenine ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative stress-mediated PANoptosis and ferroptosis via α7nAChR. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 1:388:124199. PMID: 41520699
Life Sci

METTL3-mediated m6A modification of FUNDC1/IP3R2 pathway facilitates cardiac hypertrophy in obesity hypertension. [Abstract]

2025 May 30:123780. PMID: 40451326
PLoS Pathog

Suppressing neutrophil itaconate production attenuates Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 5;20(11):e1012614. PMID: 39499730
Int J Mol Sci

Hyperglycemia Aggravates Periodontitis via Autophagy Impairment and ROS-Inflammasome-Mediated Macrophage Pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 27;24(7):6309. PMID: 37047282
Int Immunopharmacol

Inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and NETosis ameliorates sepsis-induced cardiac injury and reduces myocardial inflammation and apoptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 1;168(Pt 1):115862. PMID: 41248570
Eur J Pharmacol

MPTP controls the release of mtDNA and induces endothelial cell PANoptosis in trichloroethylene-induced immune kidney injury. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 15:1005:178118. PMID: 40912515
Int Immunopharmacol

ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR axis exerts protective effects on lung ischemia/reperfusion injury via NF-κB-dependent mitochondrial adaptation and epithelial cell pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 11:164:115325. PMID: 40795499
Int Immunopharmacol

Mitophagy-mtROS axis contributes to anti-tuberculosis-induced liver injury through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in rat hepatocytes. [Abstract]

2025 May 30:160:114984. PMID: 40449272
Int Immunopharmacol

NOX2 deficiency promotes GSDME-related pyroptosis by reducing AMPK activation in neutrophils. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 29;143(Pt 2):113504. PMID: 39476568
Eur J Pharmacol

Tetrandrine alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting alveolar epithelial cell senescence through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 15:969:176459. PMID: 38438063
Arthritis Res Ther

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes improve pyroptosis and mitochondrial integrity through miR-515-5p-mediated TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD axis in rheumatoid arthritis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 15;27(1):226. PMID: 41398286
Hepatol Commun

ER stress promotes mitochondrial calcium overload and activates the ROS/NLRP3 axis to mediate fatty liver ischemic injury. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 18;8(4):e0399. PMID: 38497930
Arthritis Res Ther

Sirt3 improves monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation by suppressing Acod1 expression. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 19;25(1):121. PMID: 37468929
Molecules

Attenuation of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Exogenous H2S via Inhibition of Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 14;28(12):4770. PMID: 37375325
Mol Oncol

Exploiting metabolic adaptations to overcome dabrafenib treatment resistance in melanoma cells. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 2. PMID: 41332139
Cancers (Basel)

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Derivatives as Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Agents via Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration and Disruption of Cellular Metabolism. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 27;18(1):92. PMID: 41514605
J Cell Mol Med

Dexamethasone Promotes Autophagy Dependent Ferroptosis of Placental Trophoblast Cells Through GRα. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;29(13):e70613. PMID: 40624893
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

PGC-1α role in rescuing ferroptosis in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and UCP2 expression. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 26;1871(6):167874. PMID: 40294850
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

TSPO participates in the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis related to mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 23;1871(6):167866. PMID: 40280203
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

Phenethyl isothiocyanate induces oxidative cell death in osteosarcoma cells with regulation on mitochondrial network, function and metabolism. [Abstract]

2023 Aug;1869(6):166740. PMID: 37142133
FASEB J

Artesunate protects against ocular fibrosis by suppressing fibroblast activation and inducing mitochondria-dependent ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;37(6):e22954. PMID: 37159329
FASEB J

Extracellular HSP90α promotes cellular senescence by modulating TGF-β signaling in pulmonary fibrosis. [Abstract]

2022 Aug;36(8):e22475. PMID: 35899478
J Inflamm Res

ALDH2 Ameliorates Acute Gouty Arthritis Through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis by Nrf2/ROS Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 14:18:11095-11108. PMID: 40831518
Cell Calcium

Silencing CALB1 enhances prostate cancer radiosensitivity via calcium-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 26:132:103071. PMID: 40902499
Diabetol Metab Syndr

UCP2 inhibition exaggerates diabetic cardiomyopathy by facilitating the activation of NLRP3 and pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 16;17(1):267. PMID: 40671041
Aquaculture

2025 Feb 15.
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Grass carp Il-2 promotes neutrophil extracellular traps formation via inducing ROS production and autophagy in vitro. [Abstract]

2024 Jan:144:109261. PMID: 38040137
Aging (Albany NY)

Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis via oxidative stress and enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in vitro and in vivo through targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. [Abstract]

2020 Jun 11;12(11):11116-11138. PMID: 32526702
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res

SYK overexpression enhances microtubule instability in an MDA-MB-231-derived paclitaxel-resistant cell line. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;1872(8):120059. PMID: 40930321
Cell Signal

Deficiency of FUN14 domain-containing 1 enhances the migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis through mitochondrial dysregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 22:111829. PMID: 40274085
Cell Signal

ATRA-mediated-crosstalk between stellate cells and Kupffer cells inhibits autophagy and promotes NLRP3 activation in acute liver injury. [Abstract]

2022 May:93:110304. PMID: 35278669
Biol Trace Elem Res

Realgar Transforming Solution as a Novel Arsenic Agent Triggers PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy and Apoptosis in the Molm-13 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 27. PMID: 41896471
J Proteome Res

Mitochondria-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Regulation of Tardigrade Osmobiosis Revealed by Proteomics of Hypsibius exemplaris. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 1;24(8):4098-4113. PMID: 40623961
Biol Trace Elem Res

Arsenic-Induced Ferroptosis in Chicken Hepatocytes via the Mitochondrial ROS Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;202(9):4180-4190. PMID: 38102534
Front Med

Mitochondria-Related Ferroptosis Drives Cognitive Deficits in Neonatal Mice Following Sevoflurane Administration. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 22:9:887062. PMID: 35935755
Mol Hum Reprod

Ionomycin-induced mouse oocyte activation can disrupt preimplantation embryo development through increased reactive oxygen species reaction and DNA damage. [Abstract]

2020 Oct 1;26(10):773-783. PMID: 32697831
Front Oncol

Solasonine Causes Redox Imbalance and Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress of Ferroptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. [Abstract]

2022 May 18:12:874900. PMID: 35664792
OncoTargets and Therapy Dovepress

Necroptosis Mediates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. [Abstract]

2020 May 18;15:1093-1101. PMID: 32546997
Arch Biochem Biophys

Selective mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in cholesterol-exposed neuronal cells: Role of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:780:110790. PMID: 41825807
Arch Biochem Biophys

GSDMB involvement in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm through regulation of macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 17:110102. PMID: 39029644
J Diabetes Investig

Increased oxidative stress caused by impaired mitophagy aggravated liver ischemia and reperfusion injury in diabetic mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;14(1):28-36. PMID: 36345578
FEBS Lett

AKT controls NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inducing DDX3X phosphorylation. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;595(19):2447-2462. PMID: 34387860
J Clin Lab Anal

Ginsenoside Rb1 Targets the HRD1-STING Axis to Mitigate Cholesterol-Induced VSMC Senescence. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;40(5):e70172. PMID: 41626813
Oral Dis

Fibrin aggravates periodontitis through inducing NETs formation from mitochondrial DNA. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;31(2):577-588. PMID: 39054859
Mol Pain

EXPRESS: Utidelone induces mechanical and cold allodynia in mice via TRPA1 activation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 28:17448069251377633. PMID: 40878369
Virus Res

Rhein suppresses African swine fever virus replication in vitro via activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Dec:338:199238. PMID: 37827302
PLoS One

Estrogen protects against liver damage in sepsis through inhibiting oxidative stress mediated activation of pyroptosis signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2020 Oct 1;15(10):e0239659. PMID: 33002070
Tissue Cell

Formononetin enhances angiogenesis in diabetic wounds by inhibiting ferroptosis through suppression of mtROS-mediated xCT/GPX4 upregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 18:98:103141. PMID: 40992258
Placenta

PINK1-mediated mitophagy induction protects against preeclampsia by decreasing ROS and trophoblast pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Nov:143:1-11. PMID: 37788592
Vet Sci

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells Causes Mitochondrial DNA Release and the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome to Mediate Interleukin-1β Secretion. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 12;11(12):643. PMID: 39728983
Biomol Biomed

Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers Zbp1-mediated necroptosis and inflammation in acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 29. PMID: 41159625
Biochem Biophys Rep

Methylmalonic acid at the serum level in the elderly contributes to cell growth via mitochondrial dysfunction in colorectal cancer cell spheroids. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 9:41:101909. PMID: 39886070
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

AQP5 deficiency promotes the senescence of lens epithelial cells through mitochondrial dysfunction. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 5:680:184-193. PMID: 37742347
Arch Oral Biol

Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pyroptosis in human periodontal ligament cells via inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. [Abstract]

2023 Mar:147:105632. PMID: 36736069
Dev Neurosci

Differential Effects of Urban Particulate Matter on BV2 Microglial-Like and C17.2 Neural Stem/Precursor Cells. [Abstract]

2022;44(4-5):309-319. PMID: 35500557
Biol Pharm Bull

Ginsenoside Rb1 Alleviates Asthma Inflammation by Regulating Mitochondrial Dysfunction through SIRT1/PGC-1α and PI3K/AKT Pathways. [Abstract]

2025;48(11):1741-1752. PMID: 41242748
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem

Mito-tempo alleviates ox-LDL-provoked foam cell formation by regulating Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling. [Abstract]

2024 May 8:zbae058. PMID: 38719485
bioRxiv

Cell autonomous inflammation in VEXAS is mediated by cGAS-STING. [Abstract]

2026 May 29:2026.05.26.727520. PMID: 42244578
bioRxiv

2025 Nov 11.
SSRN

2025 Sep 17.
Keimyung University

2025.
SSRN

2025 Mar 20.
Res Sq

2024 Sep 22.
Res Sq

2024 Jun 09.
Clin Complement Med Pharmacol

2024 May 21.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Mar 19.
Research Square Preprint

2024 Mar 19.
Authorea

2023 Aug 7.
Oxid Med Cell Longev

JFD, a Novel Natural Inhibitor of Keap1 Alkylation, Suppresses Intracellular Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Growth through Keap1/Nrf2/SOD2-Mediated ROS Accumulation. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 10:2023:6726654. PMID: 36819778
Oxid Med Cell Longev

Curcumin Ameliorates Age-Induced Tight Junction Impaired in Porcine Sertoli Cells by Inactivating the NLRP3 Inflammasome through the AMPK/SIRT3/SOD2/mtROS Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 17:2023:1708251. PMID: 36846717
Research Square Preprint

2022 May.

Purity & Documentation

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Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

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COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
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References

[1]. Liu B, et al. MitoTEMPO protects against podocyte injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome via PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;929:175136. [Content Brief]

[2]. Olgar Y, et al. MitoTEMPO provides an antiarrhythmic effect in aged-rats through attenuation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Exp Gerontol. 2020;136:110961. [Content Brief]

[3]. Li J, et al. Mitochondria-specific antioxidant MitoTEMPO alleviates senescence of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in ovariectomized rats. J Cell Physiol. 2024;239(8):e31323. [Content Brief]

[4]. Akkoca A, et al. Protective effect of MitoTEMPO against cardiac dysfunction caused by ischemia-reperfusion: MCAO stroke model study. Int J Neurosci. 2024;134(12):1582-1593. [Content Brief]

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How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

MitoTEMPO hydrate

167 Cited Publications

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MitoTEMPO hydrate

Apoptosis Compound Library

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Membrane Transporter/Ion Channel Compound Library

Metabolism/Protease Compound Library

Neuronal Signaling Compound Library

NF-κB Signaling Compound Library

Stem Cell Signaling Compound Library

Autophagy Compound Library

Anti-Aging Compound Library

Antioxidant Compound Library

Oxygen Sensing Compound Library

Anti-Cardiovascular Disease Compound Library

Endocrinology Compound Library

Pyroptosis Compound Library

Glutamine Metabolism Compound Library

Anti-Cancer Metabolism Compound Library

Mitochondria-Targeted Compound Library

Glucose Metabolism Compound Library

Antidepressant Compound Library

Cuproptosis Compound Library

Mitochondrial Protection Compound Library

Metabolic Enzyme Compound Library

Membrane Protein-targeted Compound Library

Membrane Receptor-targeted Compound Library

Mitochondrial Toxicity Compound Library

Autoimmune Disease Compound Library

Cell Death Library

Ion Channel Compound Library

Inflammasomes related Compound Library

Multi-Target Compound Library

Radioprotector Library

Mitophagy Compound Library

Bioactive Compound Library Max

MCE Bioactive Compound Library

Bioactive Compound Library

Anti-Fibrosis Compound Library

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Compound Library

High-Throughput Bioactive Compound Library

Pattern Recognition Receptors Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) MitoTEMPO hydrate

All NOD-like Receptor (NLR) Isoforms

All Calcium Channel Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (167)

Purity & Documentation

References

Calculators

Help & FAQs

MitoTEMPO hydrate Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-125944