KLK5-IN-1

Cytotoxicity assays are usually based on the assessment of cell membrane damage, which can also be indirectly detected by measuring cell viability. Detection methods include MTT assay, CKK-8 assay, LDH assay and ATP assay, etc.

The TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) and croton oil-induced mouse ear edema model is a well-established acute cutaneous inflammation system used to evaluate topical anti-inflammatory activity by measuring edema formation, neutrophil infiltration, vascular permeability, and cytokine-mediated skin responses in vivo. The inflammatory response is triggered by topical application of phorbol esters (TPA) or croton oil constituents, leading to rapid activation of protein kinase C signaling, leukocyte recruitment, and increased vascular permeability, which can be quantified by ear thickness, weight, dye extravasation, and biochemical markers such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and pro-inflammatory mediators in ear tissue homogenates. This model is widely used for screening anti-inflammatory agents, where reductions in edema and inflammatory biomarkers reflect suppression of acute dermal inflammation and immune cell infiltration. Histological evaluation typically confirms epidermal

TEER measures electrical resistance across epithelial or endothelial monolayers cultured on permeable supports, and the readout reflects ionic conductance through the cell barrier, especially the paracellular pathway regulated by junctional integrity. TEER can be measured without destroying the monolayer and is commonly used before or during transport, permeability, barrier-disruption, and barrier-maturation experiments. TEER values are influenced by biological maturation and technical conditions; reported factors include temperature, medium formulation, passage number, electrode geometry, membrane properties, and junctional length during early monolayer maturation. Therefore, TEER should be interpreted with blank-insert subtraction, area normalization, repeated readings, and, when possible, orthogonal barrier readouts such as FITC-dextran flux or tight-junction staining.