Plasticity of the malleobactin pathway and its impact on siderophore action in human pathogenic bacteria

The human pathogenic bacteria Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Burkholderia thailandensis harbor a highly conserved gene cluster coding for the biosynthesis of the long sought-after malleobactins. Four new, unexpected congeners of the malleobactin family that were isolated and fully characterized in this study feature unusual deviations from the parent, ornibactin-like architecture. Thus, the malleobactin non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) has a rare flexibility that yields diverse peptide backbones, of which one candidate confers pronounced siderophore activity (EC50: 8.4 μM, CAS assay). These findings not only unveil a highly diverse assembly line but also are an important addition to the knowledgebase of the pathogens' metabolomes.