Inflammation/Immunology

Doxycycline, an antibiotic, is an orally active and broad-spectrum metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. Doxycycline shows antibacterial activity and anti-cancer cell proliferation activity.

Cholesterol (from animal) is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol (from animal) plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol (from animal) is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

Deferoxamine mesylate (Deferoxamine B mesylate) is an iron chelator (binds to Fe(III) and many other metal cations), is widely used to reduce iron accumulation and deposition in tissues. Deferoxamine mesylate upregulates HIF-1α levels with good antioxidant activity. Deferoxamine mesylate also shows anti-proliferative activity, can induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Deferoxamine mesylate can be used in studies of diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases as well as anti-cancer and anti-COVID-19.

Mito-TEMPO is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. Mito-TEMPO induces mitophagy by activating the PINK1/Parkin pathway, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, and improves renal function and podocyte injury. Mito-TEMPO regulates Ca²⁺ homeostasis, inhibits Bnip3 overexpression, shortens action potential duration, and exerts antiarrhythmic effects. Mito-TEMPO reverses premature senescence, reduces trabecular bone loss, and decreases cell apoptosis. Mito-TEMPO can be used in studies of chronic kidney disease, age-related cardiac dysfunction, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and ischemic stroke.

Bucladesine (Dibutyryl cAMP; DBcAMP) sodium is a membrane-permeable 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analog. Bucladesine selectively activates cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) by increasing the intracellular level of cAMP. Bucladesine significantly attenuates MDMA-induced increases in hippocampal mitochondrial ROS formation, mitochondrial outer membrane damage, cytochrome c release, and hippocampal ADP/ATP ratio, thereby improving spatial learning and memory impairments. Bucladesine exhibit anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammation effect. Bucladesine can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, induce apoptosis. Bucladesine can be used for the researches of neurological disease, cancer, inflammation.

Resatorvid (TAK-242) is a selective Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor. Resatorvid inhibits NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production with IC_50s of 1.8 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Resatorvid downregulates expression of TLR4 downstream signaling molecules MyD88 and TRIF. Resatorvid inhibits autophagy and plays pivotal role in various inflammatory diseases.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside antibiotic that inhibits N-linked glycosylation and blocks GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin causes accumulation of unfolded proteins in cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and induces ER stress, and causes blocking of DNA synthesis and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Tunicamycin inhibits gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses and has anti-cancer activity.Tunicamycin increases exosome release in cervical cancer cells.

Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501) is a CNS-penetrant natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.

MPTP hydrochloride is a brain penetrant dopaminergic neurotoxin. MPTP hydrochloride can be used to induce Parkinson’s Disease model. MPTP hydrochloride, a precusor of MPP⁺, induces apoptosis. MPTP hydrochloride has been verified by MCE with professional biological experiments.

Ovalbumins are the major proteins in egg white. Ovalbumins act as an allergen and inducer, and can be applied to mouse models of allergic diseases. Ovalbumins can induce allergic rhinitis in mice via sensitization and nasal challenge. Ovalbumins can be used to establish asthma models.
Ovalbumin, low endotoxin (HY-W250978A) is recommended for model establishment.

SC79, a unique specific and BBB permeable Akt activator, activates Akt in the cytosol and inhibits Akt membrane translocation. SC79 specifically binds to the PH domain of Akt.

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid (2-Bromopalmitate; 2-BP) is a palmitoylation inhibitor targeting DHHC (Asp-His-His-Cys) protein palmitoyltransferase. 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid inhibits palmitoylation of GSDME-C during pyroptosis and inhibits BAK/BAX-Caspase 3-GSDME pathway-mediated pyroptosis.

Tacrolimus (FK506), a molecular glue, a macrocyclic lactone, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties.

Fulvestrant (ICI 182780) is a pure antiestrogen and a potent estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with an IC₅₀ of 9.4 nM. Fulvestrant is also a GPR30 agonist. Fulvestrant effectively inhibits the growth of ER-positive MCF-7 cells with an IC₅₀ of 0.29 nM. Fulvestrant also induces autophagy and has antitumor efficacy.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid also acts as the substrate for various lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid improves cognitive response and cardiovascular function.

FITC (Fluorescein Isothiocyanate), is one of the green fluorescein derivatives widely used in biology. FITC has the characteristics of high absorptivity and excellent fluorescence quantum yield. The isothiocyanate group of FITC can be combined with amino, sulfhydryl, imidazole, tyrosyl, carbonyl and other groups on the protein, so as to achieve protein labeling including antibodies and lectins. In addition to its use as a protein marker, FITC can also be used as a fluorescent protein tracer to rapidly identify pathogens by labeling antibodies, or for microsequencing of proteins and peptides (HPLC). The maximum excitation wavelength of FITC is 494 nm. Once excited, it fluoresces yellow-green at a maximum emission wavelength of 520 nm. In addition, FITC is also a hapten that can induce contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and induce an atopic dermatitis model.

4-Octyl Itaconate is a cell-permeable Itaconate derivative. Itaconate is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates Nrf2 via alkylation of KEAP1.

Corticosterone (17-Deoxycortisol) is an orally active and adrenal cortex-produced glucocorticoid, which plays an important role in regulating neuronal functions of the limbic system (including hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala). Corticosterone increases the Rab-mediated AMPAR membrane traffic via SGK-induced phosphorylation of GDI. Corticosterone also interferes with the maturation of dendritic cells and shows a good immunosuppressive effect.

Anti-Mouse PD-1 Antibody (RMP1-14) is an anti-mouse PD-1 IgG2a antibody. Anti-Mouse PD-1 Antibody (RMP1-14) can be used for the study of colon carcinoma.

Calcipotriol is a synthetic VitD₃ analogue with a high affinity for the vitamin D receptor.