2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Cell Cycle/DNA Damage
    Epigenetics
  4. HDAC

HDAC

Histone deacetylases

HDAC

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HDAC (Histone deacetylases) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on ahistone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around histones, and DNA expression is regulated by acetylation and de-acetylation. Its action is opposite to that of histone acetyltransferase. HDAC proteins are now also called lysine deacetylases (KDAC), to describe their function rather than their target, which also includes non-histone proteins. Together with the acetylpolyamine amidohydrolases and the acetoin utilization proteins, the histone deacetylases form an ancient protein superfamily known as the histone deacetylase superfamily.

HDAC Isoform Specific Products:

HDAC Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-14842B
    Givinostat hydrochloride monohydrate
    		Inhibitor 99.63%
    Givinostat hydrochloride monohydrate (ITF-2357 hydrochloride monohydrate) is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 198 and 157 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Givinostat hydrochloride monohydrate can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
    Givinostat hydrochloride monohydrate
  • HY-15489
    Scriptaid
    		Inhibitor 98.59%
    Scriptaid is a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, used in cancer research. Scriptaid is also a sensitizer to antivirals and has potential for epstein-barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphomas treatment.
    Scriptaid
  • HY-15433A
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride
    		Inhibitor 99.05%
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride (JNJ-26481585 dihydrochloride) is an orally active, potent pan-HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 0.11 nM, 0.33 nM, 0.64 nM, 0.46 nM, and 0.37 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, HDAC10 and HDAC11, respectively. Quisinostat dihydrochloride has a broad spectrum antitumoral activity. Quisinostat dihydrochloride can induce autophagy in neuroblastoma cells.
    Quisinostat dihydrochloride
  • HY-18613
    CAY10603
    		Inhibitor 99.76%
    CAY10603 (BML-281) is a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 2 pM; CAY10603 (BML-281) also inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, HDAC10, with IC50s of 271, 252, 0.42, 6851, 90.7 nM.
    CAY10603
  • HY-153358
    TNG260
    		Inhibitor 99.33%
    TNG260 is a selective, orally effective inhibitor of HDAC1 and CoREST complex, with a 10-fold selectivity for HDAC1 over HDAC3 and a 500-fold selectivity for CoREST complex over NuRD and Sin3 complex. TNG260 reshapes the tumor immune microenvironment, reduces immunosuppressive neutrophil infiltration, promotes effector T cell recruitment, and reverses anti-PD-1 resistance caused by STK11 deficiency by inhibiting the activity of the CoREST-HDAC1 complex. TNG260 induces durable tumor regression in combination with α-PD1 in MC38 tumor-bearing mice with STK11 mutations, and has lower toxicity to bone marrow cells than non-selective HDAC inhibitors.
    TNG260
  • HY-153392
    TYA-018
    		Inhibitor 99.84%
    TYA-018 is an orally active, potent and highly selective HDAC6 inhibitor. TYA-018 can protect heart function in mice. TYA-018 also enhances energetics in mice by increasing expression of targets associated with fatty acid metabolism, protein metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation.
    TYA-018
  • HY-138159
    Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC
    		98.59%
    Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC is a cell-permeable fluorometric HDAC substrate (Ex/Em = 355 nm/460 nm).
    Boc-Lys(Ac)-AMC
  • HY-111400
    SR-4370
    		Inhibitor 98.38%
    SR-4370 is an inhibitor of HDAC, with IC50s of 0.13 μM, 0.58 μM, 0.006 μM, 2.3 μM, and 3.4 μM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC8, and HDAC6, respectively.
    SR-4370
  • HY-111818
    TH34
    		Inhibitor 99.52%
    TH34, an HDAC6/8/10 inhibitor with IC50s of 4.6 μM, 1.9 μM, and 7.7 μM respectively, shows high selectivity over HDAC1/2/3.
    TH34
  • HY-151590
    DKFZ-748
    		Inhibitor 98.98%
    DKFZ-748 is a selective HDAC10 inhibitor (pIC50=7.66), and shows anti-tumor activity.
    DKFZ-748
  • HY-N11692
    9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid
    		Inhibitor 98.0%
    9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (9-HSA) is an HDAC1 inhibitor that inhibits ∼66.4% HDAC1 enzymatic activity at 5 μM. 9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid shows anticancer activity.
    9-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid
  • HY-100748
    Zabadinostat
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Zabadinostat (CXD101) is a potent, selective and orally active class I HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 63 nM, 570 nM and 550 nM for HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, respectively. Zabadinostat has no activity against HDAC class II. Zabadinostat has antitumor activity.
    Zabadinostat
  • HY-13265
    AR-42
    		98.52%
    AR-42 (HDAC-42; OSU-HDAC42) is a potent, orally bioavailable pan-HDAC inhibitor (IC50=16 nM). AR-42 induces growth inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of caspases-3/7. AR-42 promotes hyperacetylation of H3, H4, and alpha-tubulin, and up-regulation of p21. AR-42 shows cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines.
    AR-42
  • HY-19328
    ACY-775
    		Inhibitor 99.71%
    ACY-775 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) with an IC50 of 7.5 nM. ACY775 also inhibits metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 (MBLAC2).
    ACY-775
  • HY-N7036
    Rhamnetin
    		Inhibitor 99.18%
    Rhamnetin is a quercetin derivative found in Coriandrum sativum, inhibits secretory phospholipase A2 and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Rhamnetin exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
    Rhamnetin
  • HY-N0071
    Crotonoside
    		Inhibitor 99.78%
    Crotonoside is isolated from Chinese medicinal herb, Croton. Crotonoside inhibits FLT3 and HDAC3/6, exhibits selective inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Crotonoside could be a promising new lead compound for the research of AML.
    Crotonoside
  • HY-145816A
    JPS016 TFA
    		99.47%
    JPS016 TFA is a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) PROTAC inhibitor. JPS016 TFA recruits the VHL E3 ligase (Ligands for E3 Ligase) to mediate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3. JPS016 TFA reduces the viability of colon cancer cells and induces Apoptosis. JPS016 TFA activates the PINK1/Parkin mitochondrial Autophagy pathway, enhances cardiomyocyte viability, alleviates mitochondrial damage, and reduces mitochondrial ROS production in cells. JPS016 TFA is applicable to research related to colon cancer and sepsis cardiomyopathy.
    JPS016 TFA
  • HY-144779
    HDAC10-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.87%
    HDAC10-IN-1 (compound 13b) is a potent and highly selective HDAC10 inhibitor, with an IC50 of 58 nM. HDAC10-IN-1 modulates autophagy in aggressive FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    HDAC10-IN-1
  • HY-111342
    HDAC8-IN-1
    		Inhibitor 99.77%
    HDAC8-IN-1 is a HDAC8 inhibitor with an IC50 of 27.2 nM.
    HDAC8-IN-1
  • HY-101780
    Tinostamustine
    		Inhibitor 99.64%
    Tinostamustine (EDO-S101) is a pan HDAC inhibitor; inhibits HDAC6, HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 with IC50 values of 6 nM, 9 nM, 9 nM and 25 nM, respectively.
    Tinostamustine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download HDAC Signaling Pathway Map.

TCR, GPCR and HDAC II interaction: Diverse agonists act through G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to activate the PKC-PKD axis, CaMK, Rho, or MHC binding to antigens stimulates TCR to activate PKD, leading to phosphorylation of class II HDACs. Phospho-HDACs dissociate from MEF2, bind 14-3-3, and are exported to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent mechanism. CRM1 is inhibited by leptomycin B (LMB). Release of MEF2 from class II HDACs allows p300 to dock on MEF2 and stimulate gene expression. Dephosphorylation of class II HDACs in the cytoplasm enables reentry into the nucleus[1].

 

TLR: TLR signaling is initiated by ligand binding to receptors. The recruitment of TLR domain-containing adaptor protein MyD88 is repressed by HDAC6, whereas NF-κB and MTA-1 can be negatively regulated by HDAC1/2/3 and HDAC2, respectively. Acetylation by HATs enhance MKP-1 which inhibits p38-mediated inflammatory responses, while HDAC1/2/3 inhibits MKP-1 activity. HDAC1 and HDAC8 repress, whereas HDAC6 promotes, IRF function in response to viral challenge. HDAC11 inhibits IL-10 expression and HDAC1 and HDAC2 represses IFNγ-dependent activation of the CIITA transcription factor, thus affecting antigen presentation[2][3].

 

IRNAR: IFN-α/β induce activation of the type I IFN receptor and then bring the receptor-associated JAKs into proximity. JAK adds phosphates to the receptor. STATs bind to the phosphates and then phosphorylated by JAKs to form a dimer, leading to nuclear translocation and gene expression. HDACs positively regulate STATs and PZLF to promote antiviral responses and IFN-induced gene expression[2][3].

 

Cell cycle: In G1 phase, HDAC, Retinoblastoma protein (RB), E2F and polypeptide (DP) form a repressor complex. HDAC acts on surrounding chromatin, causing it to adopt a closed chromatin conformation, and transcription is repressed. Prior to the G1-S transition, phosphorylation of RB by CDKs dissociates the repressor complex. Transcription factors (TFs) gain access to their binding sites and, together with the now unmasked E2F activation domain. E2F is then free to activate transcription by contacting basal factors or by contacting histone acetyltransferases, such as CBP, that can alter chromatin structure[4].

 

The function of non-histone proteins is also regulated by HATs/HDACs. p53: HDAC1 impairs the function of p53. p53 is acetylated under conditions of stress or HDAC inhibition by its cofactor CREB binding protein (CBP) and the transcription of genes involved in differentiation is activated. HSP90: HSP90 is a chaperone that complexes with other chaperones, such as p23, to maintain correct conformational folding of its client proteins. HDAC6 deacetylates HSP90. Inhibition of HDAC6 would result in hyperacetylated HSP90, which would be unable to interact with its co-chaperones and properly lead to misfolded client proteins being targeted for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system[5][6].
 

Reference:

[1]. Vega RB, et al. Protein kinases C and D mediate agonist-dependent cardiac hypertrophy through nuclear export of histone deacetylase 5.Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Oct;24(19):8374-85.
[2]. Shakespear MR, et al. Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 2011 Jul;32(7):335-43.
[3]. Suliman BA, et al. HDACi: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications in the innate immune system.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;90(1):23-32. 
[4]. Brehm A, et al. Retinoblastoma protein meets chromatin.Trends Biochem Sci. 1999 Apr;24(4):142-5.
[5]. Butler R, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutics for polyglutamine disorders.Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Oct;7(10):784-96
[6]. Minucci S, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and the promise of epigenetic (and more) treatments for cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2006 Jan;6(1):38-51.

HDAC Isoform Comparison

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