Other Indicator Probes

Dns-LLC is a cell-permeable Cu⁺-selective fluorescent probe that forms a 1:1 complex with Cu⁺. The thiol group of Dns-LLC plays a key binding role, while the sulfonamide and amide groups jointly contribute to the stabilization of the complex. Upon binding to Cu⁺ in aqueous buffer solutions, Dns-LLC generates a turn-on fluorescence response, which can be used for the detection of Cu⁺ in the Golgi apparatus.

CuFS is a reaction-based fluorescent sensor for detecting Cu²⁺ with zero background fluorescence. CuFS acts as a fluorescence quencher in the absence of Cu²⁺ and as a fluorescence enhancer in the presence of Cu²⁺. CuFS can be fabricated into test strips and applied to the detection of Cu²⁺ in human cancer cells.

PbQ is a tubulin inhibitor (with an IC₅₀ of 5 μM against goat tubulin) and a fluorescent probe for cuprous ions Cu (I). PbQ can penetrate the membrane of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, form a stable 1:1 complex with Cu⁺ ions, and exhibits low toxicity and good biocompatibility toward macrophage cell lines. In addition, PbQ promotes tubulin degradation and disrupts the microtubule network in lung epithelial cells without affecting actin. PbQ also possesses genotoxicity by forming DNA base adducts, and it can activate caspase-3 and apoptosis-related genes, induce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and trigger cell apoptosis. PbQ can be used in studies related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

NRh-Cu is a highly sensitive near-infrared fluorescence turn-on indicator and Cu²⁺-selective probe (λ_ex=680 nm, λ_em=740 nm). When NRh-Cu interacts with Cu²⁺, it undergoes a structural transition from a non-fluorescent spirocyclic state to a fluorescent ring-opened state, which drives the enhancement of fluorescence emission. NRh-Cu can be used for Cu²⁺ imaging in live cells and in vivo.

RHBCu is a rhodamine-based azophenol derivative and a fluorescent indicator for Cu²⁺. RHBCu exhibits high selectivity for Cu²⁺ ions and enables fluorescent imaging of Cu²⁺ in cancer cells.

Ctrl-CSR1 is a non-responsive CSR1 control dye and a matched control dye with a photostable, hydrophilic silicon rhodol backbone. Ctrl-CSR1 lacks a copper-responsive receptor.

Ctrl-CCF1 is a control probe for CCF1. Ctrl-CCF1 can be used to distinguish copper-dependent responses from potential dye-dependent variations, such as cellular uptake, retention, subcellular accumulation, and changes in pH, redox or hydrophobic/hydrophilic environments.

Ctrl-BDPS1 is a BODIPY-based control probe that shows no response to copper ions (exhibiting two emission peaks at 575 nm and 708 nm; the maximum excitation wavelength is at 627 nm). Ctrl-BDPS1 has no fluorescent response to Cu⁺.

Mn1 (M1) is a BODIPY-based Mn²⁺-selective "turn-on" Fluorescent sensor and fluorescence modulator. In the absence of Mn²⁺, Mn1 undergoes fluorescence quenching via photoinduced electron transfer; binding to Mn²⁺ inhibits this mechanism, thereby generating a fluorescence "turn-on" response. Mn1 exhibits Mn²⁺-specific cellular fluorescence response.

Lyso-Cu (II) is a lysosome-targeted divalent copper ion probe. Lyso-Cu (II) is applicable to the research of Wilson's disease, Menkes disease and Alzheimer's disease.

ACu1 is a copper (I)-selective two-photon fluorescent probe that enables the visual imaging of Cu⁺ distribution in living cells and tissues.

CTAP-1 is a monovalent copper ion probe. CTAP-1 binds to monovalent copper Cu (I) to inhibit photoinduced electron transfer, thereby enhancing fluorescence emission. CTAP-1 produces copper-dependent perinuclear staining that colocalizes with mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. CTAP-1 can be used for imaging Cu (I) pools, excitation/emission Wavelength: 365/480 nm.

IR 650 Alkyne is a near-infrared fluorescent probe. The click chemistry reaction handle of IR 650 Alkyne is a terminal alkyne, which can undergo a 'copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition' reaction. Ex = 651nm, Em = 668nm.

CYDA is a colorimetric probe based on cyanine dyes, which enables highly sensitive and selective detection of Cu²⁺. CYDA can be used for urine copper detection in Wilson's disease.