A Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Guided Multienzymatic Hydrogel Design for Self-Regenerative Repair in Diabetic Mandibular Defects

Conventional bone tissue engineering Materials struggle to reinstate physiological bone remodeling in a diabetic context, primarily due to the compromised repolarization of proinflammatory macrophages to anti-inflammatory macrophages. Here, leveraging single-cell RNA Sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology, the pivotal role of nitric oxide (NO) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is unveiled in impeding macrophage repolarization during physiological bone remodeling amidst diabetes. Guided by scRNA-seq analysis, we engineer a multienzymatic bone tissue engineering hydrogel scaffold (MEBTHS) composed is engineered of methylpropenylated gelatin hydrogel integrated with ruthenium nanozymes, possessing both Ru⁰ and Ru⁴⁺ components. This design facilitates efficient NO elimination via Ru⁰ while simultaneously exhibiting ROS scavenging properties through Ru⁴⁺. Consequently, MEBTHS orchestrates macrophage reprogramming by neutralizing ROS and reversing NO-mediated Mitochondrial Metabolism, thereby rejuvenating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells within diabetic mandibular defects, producing newly formed bone with quality comparable to that of normal bone. The scRNA-seq guided multienzymatic hydrogel design fosters the restoration of self-regenerative repair, marking a significant advancement in bone tissue engineering.