2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53

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The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-137864
    Amifostine thiol
    		p53 Activator 98.49%
    Amifostine thiol (WR-1065) is an active metabolite of the cytoprotector Amifostine (HY-B0639). Amifostine thiol is a cytoprotective agent with radioprotective abilities. Amifostine thiol activates p53 through a JNK-dependent signaling pathway.
    Amifostine thiol
  • HY-17412R
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
    		p53 Activator
    Minocycline (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Minocycline (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Minocycline hydrochloride is an orally active, potent and BBB-penetrated semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic. Minocycline hydrochloride is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α inhibitor. Minocycline hydrochloride shows anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and glutamate antagonist effects. Minocycline hydrochloride reduces glutamate neurotransmission and shows neuroprotective properties and antidepressant effects. Minocycline hydrochloride inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through binding with the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
    Minocycline hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-128784
    PK11007
    		p53 Activator 98.73%
    PK11007 is a mild thiol alkylator with anticancer activity. PK11007 stabilizes p53 via selective alkylation of two surface-exposed cysteines without compromising its DNA binding activity. PK11007 induces mutant p53 cancer cell death by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.
    PK11007
  • HY-126437
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000)
    		Activator
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) is a water-soluble synthetic polypeptide. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) downregulates Bcl-2 and upregulates Bax and p53 proteins. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) promotes Apoptosis and reduces VEGF expression. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) shows anticancer activity against a variety of tumors. Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000) can also be used as a coating material.
    Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide (MW 30000-70000)
  • HY-19726
    NSC59984
    		p53 Activator 99.43%
    NSC59984 induces mutant p53 protein degradation via MDM2 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. NSC59984 acts by targeting GOF-mutant p53 and stimulates p73 to restore the p53 pathway signaling.
    NSC59984
  • HY-108639
    MIRA-1
    		p53 Activator 99.76%
    MIRA-1 is a maleimide analogue. MIRA-1 can induce apoptosis in mutant p53 cells via restoration of p53-dependent transcriptional transactivation. MIRA-1 has anticancer activity.
    MIRA-1
  • HY-13423
    Tenovin-1
    		p53 Activator 99.88%
    Tenovin-1, a p53 activator, protects p53 from MDM2-mediated degradation. Tenovin-1 acts through inhibition of the protein-deacetylating activities of SirT1 and SirT2. Tenovin-1 is also a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor.
    Tenovin-1
  • HY-15954
    NVP-CGM097
    		MDM2 Inhibitor 99.80%
    NVP-CGM097 is a potent and selective MDM2 inhibitor with IC50 of 1.7±0.1 nM for hMDM2.
    NVP-CGM097
  • HY-B0639A
    Amifostine trihydrate
    		p53 Activator 99.95%
    Amifostine trihydrate (WR2721 trihydrate) is a broad-spectrum cytoprotective agent and a radioprotector. Amifostine trihydrate selectively protects normal tissues from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. Amifostine trihydrate is potent hypoxia-inducible factor-α1 (HIF-α1) and p53 inducer. Amifostine trihydrate protects cells from damage by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. Amifostine trihydrate reduces renal toxicity and has antiangiogenic action.
    Amifostine trihydrate
  • HY-117280
    GN25
    		Activator 98.55%
    GN25 is a specific p53-Snail binding inhibitor with antitumor effects.
    GN25
  • HY-120149
    Inotodiol
    		Activator 98.29%
    Inotodiol activates p53 signaling pathway, inhibits MMP-2/9, and exhibits antitumor activity in cancer cell HeLa. Inotodiol inhibits the generation of ROS and exhibits antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. Inotodiol inhibits the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity. Inotodiol inhibits TLR-4 mediated TNF-α production (IC50s in BMMC and BMDM is 0.7 μM and 3.0 μM), inhibits the degranulation in mast cell, exhibits anti-allergic activity. Inotodiol is orally active.
    Inotodiol
  • HY-108637
    PhiKan 083
    		p53 Activator 98.69%
    PhiKan 083 is a carbazole derivative, which binds to the surface cavity and stabilizes Y220C (a p53 mutant), with a Kd of 167 μM. PhiKan 083 can be used for cancer research.
    PhiKan 083
  • HY-N1423R
    Glycocholic acid (Standard)
    		Activator
    Glycocholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycocholic acid (HY-N1423). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycocholic acid is a bile acid with anticancer activity, targeting against pump resistance-related and non-pump resistance-related pathways.
    Glycocholic acid (Standard)
  • HY-108638
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride
    		p53 Activator 99.89%
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride (XI-011 hydrochloride) is a p53 activator and MDMX inhibitor. NSC 146109 hydrochloride inhibits MDMX gene transcription, downregulates MDMX mRNA and protein levels, stabilizes p53 and activates the transcriptional activity of p53. NSC 146109 hydrochloride induces cancer cell apoptosis (apoptosis) and inhibits the growth of transformed cells. NSC 146109 hydrochloride inhibits the growth of xenograft tumors. NSC 146109 hydrochloride can be used in research related to breast cancer and cervical cancer.
    NSC 146109 hydrochloride
  • HY-B0774
    Seratrodast
    		Inhibitor 99.59%
    Seratrodast (AA 2414), an orally active antiasthmatic agent, is a thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) antagonist and ferroptosis inhibitor. Seratrodast reduces lipid ROS production, modulates the systemic xc-/GSH/GPX4 axis, and inhibits JNK phosphorylation and p53 expression. Seratrodast exhibits anti-asthmatic and anti-epileptic activity.
    Seratrodast
  • HY-16366
    Briciclib
    		Activator 99.45%
    Briciclib (ON 014185) is a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) inhibitor. Briciclib exhibits broad-spectrum anti-cancer activity, including in mantle cell leukemia, breast cancer, gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer cells. Briciclib reduces the expression of cyclin D1 and c-Myc, and enhances the expression of P53 and Cleaved Caspase 3 pro-apoptotic proteins. Briciclib can be used for the study of hematological system tumors and solid tumors.
    Briciclib
  • HY-124211
    Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
    		Activator 98.0%
    Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and also a carcinogenic ligand of the TCDD (Ah) receptor. Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene binds to the TCDD (Ah) receptor in rat liver. Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene induces DNA adduct formation and upregulates the protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 in diploid lung fibroblasts. Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene alters the cell cycle distribution of diploid lung fibroblasts, increasing the proportion of cells in the S phase, decreasing the proportions of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases, and causing S phase delay/arrest. Dibenzo (a,i) pyrene is applicable for cancer research.
    Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
  • HY-B2054
    Tebufenozide
    		p53 Activator 99.28%
    Tebufenozide is a nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist used to control pest. Tebufenozide has cytotoxic and induces apoptosis in HeLa and insect Tn5B1-4 cells.
    Tebufenozide
  • HY-W042191
    Oxychlororaphine
    		Inducer 98.98%
    Oxychloroaphine could be isolated from the bacterium Pantoea agglomerans naturally present in soil. Oxychloroaphine has broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Oxychloroaphine has cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and induces apoptosis. Oxychloroaphine can be used in research of cancer.
    Oxychlororaphine
  • HY-W001538
    S-Propargylcysteine
    		Inducer
    S-Propargylcysteine (SPRC), a structural analog of S-allyl cysteine (SAC), is a slow H2S-releasing compound. S-Propargylcysteine reduces Ca2+ accumulation and inflammatory cytokines, inhibits STAT3, and elevates p53 and Bax. S-Propargylcysteine has anti-inflammatory activity and protects mice against acute pancreatitis. S-Propargylcysteine also has cardioprotective, neuroprotective acitivties.
    S-Propargylcysteine
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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Download MDM-2/p53 Signaling Pathway Map.

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]. 

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.