Curvature-sensing peptide inhibits tumour-derived exosomes for enhanced cancer immunotherapy

Tumour-derived exosomes (T-EXOs) impede immune checkpoint blockade therapies, motivating pharmacological efforts to inhibit them. Inspired by how Antiviral curvature-sensing peptides disrupt membrane-enveloped virus particles in the exosome size range, we devised a broadly useful strategy that repurposes an engineered Antiviral peptide to disrupt membrane-enveloped T-EXOs for synergistic Cancer Immunotherapy. The membrane-targeting peptide inhibits T-EXOs from various Cancer types and exhibits pH-enhanced membrane disruption relevant to the tumour microenvironment. The combination of T-EXO-disrupting peptide and programmed cell death protein-1 antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade therapy improves treatment outcomes in tumour-bearing mice. Peptide-mediated disruption of T-EXOs not only reduces levels of circulating exosomal programmed death-ligand 1, but also restores CD8⁺ T cell effector function, prevents premetastatic niche formation and reshapes the tumour microenvironment in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that peptide-induced T-EXO depletion can enhance Cancer Immunotherapy and support the potential of peptide engineering for exosome-targeting applications.