DCA
DCA is a Fluorescent probe for visualization of phase behavior in ER membranes. DCA is an ER-targeting, polarity-responsive NIR ratiometric probe, with its p-toluenesulfonamide group responsible for ER localization; its sensitivity to polarity relies on its donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) structure, where aniline acts as the donor and dicyanomethylene acts as the acceptor, driving an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process upon excitation. In environments with low polarity, such as the closely packed, low water content ERₒ phase of ER membranes, DCA emits at a shorter wavelength, while in high polarity environments like the loosely packed, higher water content ERd phase, ICT leads to a red-shifted emission, allowing discrimination of the two phases via dual NIR emission colors and ratiometric imaging. Ex/Em = 488/570–620 nm and 488/665–735 nm; additional excitation/emission pairs include Ex/Em = 488/631 nm in low polarity 1,4-dioxane and Ex/Em = 488/677 nm in 1,4-dioxane with 30% water, the higher polarity condition. It shows a large Stokes shift of ~170 nm, and pH, viscosity, and biologically relevant species including Cys, GSH, H₂O₂, and metal ions do not exert marked interference on its fluorescence spectra[1].
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Formula: C33H37N5O4S
- Molecular Weight:599.74
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Storage:
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
To place orders, for customer services and technical support, please contact: MedChemExpress USA
Tel: 609-228-6898 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Biological Activity
Guide (The following is our recommended protocol. This protocol is for guidance only and should be modified according to your specific needs).
1. Stock Solution Preparation
1.1 Solvent: DMSO.
1.2 Concentration recommendation: 1 mM.
2. Working Solution Preparation
2.1 Diluent: Cell culture medium.
2.2 Working concentration: 2 μM for cell staining; 5 μM for tissue staining.
2.3 Note: Adjust working solution concentration as needed; prepare fresh before use.
3. Staining Procedure
3.1 Sample type:[1]
3.1.1 Adherent cells: HepG2 cells, no trypsinization required prior to staining.
3.1.2 Tissue samples: Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver, white adipose tissue, brown fat tissue, lung tissue.
3.2 Incubation conditions:
3.2.1 Adherent cells: Incubate with 2 μM DCA at 37°C for 20 min.
3.2.2 Tissue samples: Incubate with 5 μM DCA at room temperature for 30 min.
3.3 Washing steps: No washing steps required after incubation.
5. Detection & Analysis
5.1 Instrument: Confocal laser scanning microscope.
5.1.1 Excitation wavelength: 488 nm; red channel emission: 570−620 nm; NIR channel emission: 665−735 nm.
5.2 Result analysis:
5.2.1 Fluorescence intensity changes: ERd phase (high polarity) shows intense NIR emission and weak red emission; ERo phase (low polarity) shows intense red emission and weak NIR emission.
5.2.2 Fluorescence localization: Fluorescence is localized to endoplasmic reticulum membranes.
5.2.3 Color changes: ERd phase appears red in merged images; ERo phase appears green/yellow in merged images; ratiometric images use pseudocolors to distinguish NIR-to-red ratio differences, with higher ratios (ERd) shown in red/yellow and lower ratios (ERo) shown in green/blue.
5.2.4 Tissue-specific results: Cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues show uniform fluorescence with no evident ERo domains; liver tissues show large-scale ERo domains; white adipose tissues show ERo domains adjacent to lipid droplets.
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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Molecular Weight 599.74
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Formula C33H37N5O4S
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SMILES
CC1=CC=C(C=C1)S(=O)(NCCC(N2CCN(CC2)C3=CC(O)=C(C=C3)/C=C/C4=C/C(CC(C)(C4)C)=C(C#N)\C#N)=O)=O
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Please store the product under the recommended conditions in the Certificate of Analysis.
Purity & Documentation
References
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
DCA Related Classifications
HY-D3105 Related Classifications
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