Phenanthrene
Based on 1 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Phenanthrene is an orally active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that induces inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Additionally, phenanthrene is commonly used to detect or assess PAH pollution in the environment.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity : 99.82%
- CAS No.: 85-01-8
- Formula: C14H10
- Molecular Weight:178.23
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Storage:
Store at room temperature 3 years.
In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Protocols
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Phenanthrene
More
Biological Activity
Description
In Vitro
Phenanthrene (1-300 μM, 48 h) significantly reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in primary hepatocytes of the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus)[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Wistar female rats (180-200 g)[3]
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Dosage:90, 180, 450, 900 mg/kg
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Administration:Oral gavage (p.o.), Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) (p.o. on day 1, once (180 and 900 mg/kg), i.p. for the next 2 days , once a day (90 and 450 mg/kg), dissolved in 0.01% acetone)
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Result:Significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the lungs and liver, serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (high dose group: 450 mg/kg + 900 mg/kg). Significantly decreased the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and forkhead box transcription factor 3 (Foxp3) (high dose group: 450 mg/kg + 900 mg/kg).
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Animal Model:Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus)[4]
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Dosage:10, 100, 1000 μg/L
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Administration:Exposure for 30 days
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Result:Increased the frequency of liver damage and hepatocyte apoptosis, as well as the enzyme activity of caspase 9 and caspase 3 in liver tissues.
Clinical Trial
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 85-01-8
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 178.23
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Formula C14H10
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Color Off-white to light brown
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SMILES
C12=CC=CC=C1C=CC3=CC=CC=C23
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Store at room temperature 3 years
In solvent -80°C 2 years -20°C 1 year
Publications (1)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
Solvent & Solubility
In Vitro:
DMSO : 200 mg/mL (1122.15 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (11.67 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Protocols
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining
ROS/oxidative-stress fluorescent staining uses cell-permeant fluorogenic probes that become fluorescent after oxidation inside cells or tissues; commonly used examples include DCFH-DA/DCFDA for broad cellular oxidant detection, DHE for superoxide-related signal detection, MitoSOX for mitochondrial superoxide-related signal detection, and CellROX probes for oxidative-stress-associated fluorescence readouts. The assay detects probe oxidation rather than a single ROS species unless the probe and analysis method have been chemically validated for that species. DCFH-DA enters cells, is deacetylated by intracellular esterases to DCFH, and produces fluorescent DCF after oxidation, so the readout is used as an operational measure of total cellular oxidative stress rather than a species-specific ROS measurement. DHE and MitoSOX can report superoxide-related oxidation, but red fluorescence alone can include non-specific ethidium-like oxidation products; HPLC or optimized spectral approaches are
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (280 KB)
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SDS (537 KB)
- English - EN (537 KB)
- Français - FR (537 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (537 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (537 KB)
- Español - ES (537 KB)
- Swedish - SV (537 KB)
- Italian - IT (537 KB)
- Korean - KR (537 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (537 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Sun K, et al. Subcellular distribution and biotransformation of phenanthrene in pakchoi after inoculation with endophytic Pseudomonas sp. as probed using HRMS coupled with isotope-labeling. Environ Pollut. 2018 Jun;237:858-867. [Content Brief]
[2]. Dupuy J, et al. Effect and localization of phenanthrene in maize roots. Chemosphere. 2016 Apr;149:130-6. [Content Brief]
[3]. Ma H, et al. Effects of phenanthrene on oxidative stress and inflammation in lung and liver of female rats. Environ Toxicol. 2020 Jan;35(1):37-46. [Content Brief]
[4]. Hong X, et al. Phenanthrene-Induced Apoptosis and Its Underlying Mechanism. Environ Sci Technol. 2017 Dec 19;51(24):14397-14405. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
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| DMSO | 1 mM | 5.6107 mL | 28.0536 mL | 56.1073 mL | 140.2682 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.1221 mL | 5.6107 mL | 11.2215 mL | 28.0536 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5611 mL | 2.8054 mL | 5.6107 mL | 14.0268 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.3740 mL | 1.8702 mL | 3.7405 mL | 9.3512 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2805 mL | 1.4027 mL | 2.8054 mL | 7.0134 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2244 mL | 1.1221 mL | 2.2443 mL | 5.6107 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1870 mL | 0.9351 mL | 1.8702 mL | 4.6756 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1403 mL | 0.7013 mL | 1.4027 mL | 3.5067 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1122 mL | 0.5611 mL | 1.1221 mL | 2.8054 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0935 mL | 0.4676 mL | 0.9351 mL | 2.3378 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0701 mL | 0.3507 mL | 0.7013 mL | 1.7534 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0561 mL | 0.2805 mL | 0.5611 mL | 1.4027 mL |
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