AMPKa1/PRKAA1

PRKAA1 encodes the alpha 1 catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase, the master cellular energy sensor. Energy stress elevates AMP or ADP, enabling upstream LKB1 or calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta to phosphorylate threonine 172. Activated AMPK phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and HMG-CoA reductase, shutting down anabolic lipid synthesis, inhibits mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 through TSC2 and Raptor phosphorylation, and enhances catabolic ATP production. The alpha 1 isoform predominates in epithelial and hematopoietic compartments, where it links nutrient sensing to cell growth and immune function. Metformin activates AMPK in liver, explaining part of its glucose-lowering action, and AMPK activation protects against ischemic injury.