Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018

  • Cell Death Differ. 2018 Mar;25(3):486-541. doi: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4.
Lorenzo Galluzzi  1  2  3 ,  Ilio Vitale  4  5 ,  Stuart A Aaronson  6 ,  John M Abrams  7 ,  Dieter Adam  8 ,  Patrizia Agostinis  9 ,  Emad S Alnemri  10 ,  Lucia Altucci  11 ,  Ivano Amelio  12 ,  David W Andrews  13  14  15 ,  Margherita Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli  16 ,  Alexey V Antonov  12 ,  Eli Arama  17 ,  Eric H Baehrecke  18 ,  Nickolai A Barlev  19 ,  Nicolas G Bazan  20 ,  Francesca Bernassola  21 ,  Mathieu J M Bertrand  22  23 ,  Katiuscia Bianchi  24 ,  Mikhail V Blagosklonny  25 ,  Klas Blomgren  26  27 ,  Christoph Borner  28  29 ,  Patricia Boya  30 ,  Catherine Brenner  31  32 ,  Michelangelo Campanella  4  5  33  34 ,  Eleonora Candi  16  21 ,  Didac Carmona-Gutierrez  35 ,  Francesco Cecconi  4  36  37 ,  Francis K-M Chan  38 ,  Navdeep S Chandel  39 ,  Emily H Cheng  40 ,  Jerry E Chipuk  6 ,  John A Cidlowski  41 ,  Aaron Ciechanover  42 ,  Gerald M Cohen  43 ,  Marcus Conrad  44 ,  Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz  45  46 ,  Peter E Czabotar  47  48 ,  Vincenzo D'Angiolella  49 ,  Ted M Dawson  50  51  52  53 ,  Valina L Dawson  50  51  53  54 ,  Vincenzo De Laurenzi  55 ,  Ruggero De Maria  56 ,  Klaus-Michael Debatin  57 ,  Ralph J DeBerardinis  58 ,  Mohanish Deshmukh  59 ,  Nicola Di Daniele  60 ,  Francesco Di Virgilio  61 ,  Vishva M Dixit  62 ,  Scott J Dixon  63 ,  Colin S Duckett  64 ,  Brian D Dynlacht  65  66 ,  Wafik S El-Deiry  67  68 ,  John W Elrod  69 ,  Gian Maria Fimia  70  71 ,  Simone Fulda  72  73  74 ,  Ana J García-Sáez  75 ,  Abhishek D Garg  9 ,  Carmen Garrido  76  77  78 ,  Evripidis Gavathiotis  79  80  81  82 ,  Pierre Golstein  83 ,  Eyal Gottlieb  42  84 ,  Douglas R Green  85 ,  Lloyd A Greene  86 ,  Hinrich Gronemeyer  87  88  89  90 ,  Atan Gross  91 ,  Gyorgy Hajnoczky  92 ,  J Marie Hardwick  93 ,  Isaac S Harris  94 ,  Michael O Hengartner  95 ,  Claudio Hetz  96  97  98 ,  Hidenori Ichijo  99 ,  Marja Jäättelä  100 ,  Bertrand Joseph  101 ,  Philipp J Jost  102 ,  Philippe P Juin  103  104  105  106 ,  William J Kaiser  107 ,  Michael Karin  108  109  110  111 ,  Thomas Kaufmann  112 ,  Oliver Kepp  113  114  115  116  117  118 ,  Adi Kimchi  17 ,  Richard N Kitsis  80  81  82  119  120 ,  Daniel J Klionsky  121  122 ,  Richard A Knight  12 ,  Sharad Kumar  123 ,  Sam W Lee  124 ,  John J Lemasters  125  126 ,  Beth Levine  127  128  129 ,  Andreas Linkermann  130 ,  Stuart A Lipton  131  132  133 ,  Richard A Lockshin  134  135 ,  Carlos López-Otín  136 ,  Scott W Lowe  137  138 ,  Tom Luedde  139 ,  Enrico Lugli  140  141 ,  Marion MacFarlane  12 ,  Frank Madeo  35  142 ,  Michal Malewicz  12 ,  Walter Malorni  143 ,  Gwenola Manic  4  5 ,  Jean-Christophe Marine  144  145 ,  Seamus J Martin  146 ,  Jean-Claude Martinou  147 ,  Jan Paul Medema  148  149 ,  Patrick Mehlen  150  151  152  153  154  155 ,  Pascal Meier  156 ,  Sonia Melino  157 ,  Edward A Miao  158  159  160 ,  Jeffery D Molkentin  161 ,  Ute M Moll  162 ,  Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo  163 ,  Shigekazu Nagata  164 ,  Gabriel Nuñez  165  166 ,  Andrew Oberst  167  168 ,  Moshe Oren  169 ,  Michael Overholtzer  170 ,  Michele Pagano  66  171  172 ,  Theocharis Panaretakis  173  174 ,  Manolis Pasparakis  175  176 ,  Josef M Penninger  177 ,  David M Pereira  178 ,  Shazib Pervaiz  179  180  181 ,  Marcus E Peter  182  183 ,  Mauro Piacentini  4  70 ,  Paolo Pinton  61  184  185 ,  Jochen H M Prehn  186 ,  Hamsa Puthalakath  187 ,  Gabriel A Rabinovich  188  189 ,  Markus Rehm  190  191 ,  Rosario Rizzuto  192 ,  Cecilia M P Rodrigues  193 ,  David C Rubinsztein  194 ,  Thomas Rudel  195 ,  Kevin M Ryan  84 ,  Emre Sayan  196 ,  Luca Scorrano  197  198 ,  Feng Shao  199 ,  Yufang Shi  200  201  202 ,  John Silke  48  203 ,  Hans-Uwe Simon  112 ,  Antonella Sistigu  56  204 ,  Brent R Stockwell  205  206 ,  Andreas Strasser  47 ,  Gyorgy Szabadkai  192  207  208 ,  Stephen W G Tait  84 ,  Daolin Tang  209  210  211  212  213  214 ,  Nektarios Tavernarakis  215 ,  Andrew Thorburn  216 ,  Yoshihide Tsujimoto  217 ,  Boris Turk  218  219 ,  Tom Vanden Berghe  22  23 ,  Peter Vandenabeele  22  23 ,  Matthew G Vander Heiden  220  221  222 ,  Andreas Villunger  223 ,  Herbert W Virgin  224 ,  Karen H Vousden  208 ,  Domagoj Vucic  225 ,  Erwin F Wagner  226 ,  Henning Walczak  227 ,  David Wallach  228 ,  Ying Wang  229 ,  James A Wells  230 ,  Will Wood  231 ,  Junying Yuan  94  232 ,  Zahra Zakeri  233 ,  Boris Zhivotovsky  101  234 ,  Laurence Zitvogel  114  235  236  237 ,  Gerry Melino  12  21 ,  Guido Kroemer  238  239  240  241  242  243  244
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. [email protected].
  • 2. Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. [email protected].
  • 3. Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France. [email protected].
  • 4. Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • 5. Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • 6. Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  • 7. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 8. Institute of Immunology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
  • 9. Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Lab, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • 10. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 11. Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.
  • 12. Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK.
  • 13. Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
  • 14. Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
  • 15. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
  • 16. Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
  • 17. Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
  • 18. Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
  • 19. Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
  • 20. Neuroscience Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
  • 21. Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • 22. VIB Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Ghent, Belgium.
  • 23. Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
  • 24. Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
  • 25. Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
  • 26. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 27. Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 28. Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
  • 29. Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
  • 30. Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Biological Investigation (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
  • 31. INSERM U1180, Châtenay Malabry, France.
  • 32. University of Paris Sud/Paris Saclay, Orsay, France.
  • 33. Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
  • 34. University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK.
  • 35. Department Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
  • 36. Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 37. Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
  • 38. Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
  • 39. Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • 40. Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
  • 41. Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
  • 42. Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
  • 43. Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
  • 44. Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany.
  • 45. Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
  • 46. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
  • 47. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  • 48. Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  • 49. Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK.
  • 50. Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 51. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 52. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 53. Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 54. Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 55. Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, CeSI-MetUniversity of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
  • 56. Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University "Sacro Cuore", Rome, Italy.
  • 57. Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
  • 58. Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 59. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  • 60. Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
  • 61. Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
  • 62. Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 63. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
  • 64. Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 65. Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
  • 66. Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
  • 67. Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 68. Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 69. Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 70. National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
  • 71. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
  • 72. Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
  • 73. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany.
  • 74. German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
  • 75. Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany.
  • 76. INSERM U1231 "Lipides Nutrition Cancer", Dijon, France.
  • 77. Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy France Comté, Dijon, France.
  • 78. Cancer Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
  • 79. Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 80. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 81. Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 82. Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 83. Immunology Center of Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
  • 84. Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
  • 85. Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
  • 86. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
  • 87. Team labeled "Ligue Contre le Cancer", Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.
  • 88. CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.
  • 89. INSERM U964, Illkirch, France.
  • 90. University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
  • 91. Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
  • 92. MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  • 93. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
  • 94. Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 95. Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
  • 96. Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
  • 97. Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
  • 98. Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
  • 99. Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
  • 100. Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 101. Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 102. III Medical Department for Hematology and Oncology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
  • 103. Team 8 "Stress adaptation and tumor escape", CRCINA-INSERM U1232, Nantes, France.
  • 104. University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
  • 105. University of Angers, Angers, France.
  • 106. Institute of Cancer Research in Western France, Saint-Herblain, France.
  • 107. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.
  • 108. Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 109. Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 110. Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 111. Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 112. Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
  • 113. Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France.
  • 114. Faculty of Medicine, Paris Sud/Paris XI University, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
  • 115. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.
  • 116. Team 11 labeled "Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France.
  • 117. INSERM U1138, Paris, France.
  • 118. Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI University, Paris, France.
  • 119. Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 120. Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
  • 121. Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 122. Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 123. Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
  • 124. Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
  • 125. Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
  • 126. Center for Cell Death, Injury and Regeneration, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
  • 127. Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 128. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 129. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
  • 130. Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
  • 131. Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 132. Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 133. Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
  • 134. Department of Biology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
  • 135. Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.
  • 136. Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
  • 137. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
  • 138. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
  • 139. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
  • 140. Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
  • 141. Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
  • 142. BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
  • 143. National Centre for Gender Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy.
  • 144. Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.
  • 145. Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
  • 146. Departments of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
  • 147. Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 148. Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 149. Cancer Genomics Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • 150. Apoptosis, Cancer and Development laboratory, CRCL, Lyon, France.
  • 151. Team labeled "La Ligue contre le Cancer", Lyon, France.
  • 152. LabEx DEVweCAN, Lyon, France.
  • 153. INSERM U1052, Lyon, France.
  • 154. CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France.
  • 155. Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Léon Bérard Cancer Center, Lyon, France.
  • 156. The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Mary-Jean Mitchell Green Building, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK.
  • 157. Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
  • 158. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  • 159. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  • 160. Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
  • 161. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
  • 162. Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
  • 163. Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
  • 164. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
  • 165. Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 166. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
  • 167. Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
  • 168. Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Seattle, WA, USA.
  • 169. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel.
  • 170. Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
  • 171. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
  • 172. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
  • 173. Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
  • 174. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 175. Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
  • 176. Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
  • 177. Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Campus Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria.
  • 178. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
  • 179. Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
  • 180. NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
  • 181. National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.
  • 182. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • 183. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
  • 184. LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
  • 185. Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, Italy.
  • 186. Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
  • 187. Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
  • 188. Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine (IBYME), National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • 189. Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • 190. Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
  • 191. Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, Stuttgart, Germany.
  • 192. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
  • 193. Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • 194. Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • 195. Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
  • 196. Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
  • 197. Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
  • 198. Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.
  • 199. National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
  • 200. Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
  • 201. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Medicinal Biomaterials, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
  • 202. The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
  • 203. Division of Inflammation, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
  • 204. Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
  • 205. Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
  • 206. Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
  • 207. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK.
  • 208. Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
  • 209. The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 210. Center for DAMP Biology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 211. Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 212. Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 213. Key Laboratory for Protein Modification and Degradation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
  • 214. Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
  • 215. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
  • 216. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
  • 217. Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan.
  • 218. Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, "Jozef Stefan" Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • 219. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • 220. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  • 221. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
  • 222. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 223. Division of Developmental Immunology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
  • 224. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
  • 225. Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 226. Genes, Development and Disease Group, Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
  • 227. Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
  • 228. Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
  • 229. Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
  • 230. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
  • 231. School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  • 232. Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
  • 233. Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, NY, USA.
  • 234. Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
  • 235. Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.
  • 236. INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.
  • 237. Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.
  • 238. Paris Descartes/Paris V University, Paris, France. [email protected].
  • 239. Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected].
  • 240. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France. [email protected].
  • 241. Team 11 labeled "Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer", Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France. [email protected].
  • 242. INSERM U1138, Paris, France. [email protected].
  • 243. Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI University, Paris, France. [email protected].
  • 244. Biology Pole, European Hospital George Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. [email protected].
PMID: 29362479 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4
Abstract

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic Apoptosis, extrinsic Apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field.